1. MUTLIMODAL SUBTITLING OF COMPLIMENTS a cross-lingusitic perspective What Women Want MUTLIMODAL SUBTITLING OF COMPLIMENTS a cross-lingusitic perspective What Women Want Nancy Meyers, staring Mel Gibson and Helen Hunt, 2003 Anna Bączkowska Kazimierz Wielki University Dept. of English Studies Bydgoszcz, Poland annabaczkowska.com

2. COMPLIMENTS, AVT, MULTIMODALITY Publications devoted to audiovisual translation, including subtitling, loom large and rapidly gain popularity (Díaz Cintas 2009, Díaz Cintas and Ramael 2007, Orero 2004, Chiaro et al. 2008). - interest has been shown recently towards compliments (Herbert 1986, Holmes 1986, 1988, 1995, Lewandowska-Tomaszczyk 1989, Boyle 2000). -Reports on compliments in subtitles are scarce (Bruti 2006, 2009, in press), multimodal approach to subtitles (Taylor 2003, 2009, Pettit 2007) Perego 2009, Chuang 2006, 2009, Bączkowska a, in press), multimodality analysed in the context of pragmatic issues in subtitles has not been an object of extensive research as yet (see Mubenga 2009, Desilla 2009, Bączkowska b, c, in press. COMPLIMENTS SUBTITLES MULTIMODALITY SUBTITLES PRAGMATIC ISSUES COMPLIMENTSCROSS-LINGUISTIC

3. TYPES OF COMMUNICATION: ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION

4. Gunther Kress, socio-semiotic theory of communication Kay O’Halloran – teaching, advertisements Anthony Baldry – advertisements Paul Tibault – turn-taking Christopher Taylor – 2003, 2009, multimodal transcription Ying Ting Chuang Multimodality-lab.net Poland, Italy, Spain, Portugal, Taiwan, Sweden, UAE, Belgium Kress Baldry Taylor Perego ChuangMULTIMODALITY

5. MULTIMODALITY AND AVT Multimodality Multimodality looks at how non-verbal signals visual and gestural signals, kinesics and proxemics interact with verbal signals in the construction of meaning. These operate in parallel in the same context and “create meaning seamlessly and synergistically” (Matthiessen 2009).

6. MULTIMODALITY AND AVT Multimodality Multimodality looks at how non-verbal signals Previously, language has been viewed as constituting the central channel in interaction, and nonverbal channels have been viewed as being subordinated to it. While much valuable work on the interplay between the verbal and nonverbal has been established, I believe that the view which unquestionably positions language at the center limits our understanding of the complexity of interaction. (Norris 2004: 2).

7. COMPLIMENTS WHAT IS? A compliment is a speech act which explicitly or implicitly attributes credit to someone other than the speaker, usually the person addressed, for some ‘good’ (possession, characteristic, skill, etc.) which is positively valued by the speaker and the hearer. (Holmes 1986: 485). WHEN USED? -creating solidarity and a common ground, -expressing goodwill, praise and encouragement -maintaining rapport (Holmes 1995).

8. TAXONOMY -Kerbrat-Orecchioni (1987) : direct and indirect straightforward act of attributing positive values to an addressee v being expressed by making reference to another (third) person. You are beautiful is a direct compliment You are as beautiful as your mother -Holmes (1995): direct v indirect (You’re looking good v Is that a new suit) Indirect > covert What a polite child. Thank you, we do our best. -Boyle (2000): explicit v implicit Your daughter is very nice, she has the same beautiful eyes as her mother INDIRECT: X AS ADJ AS Y: 2 PERSONS COMPLIMENTED IMPLICIT: greater epistemic difference -Bruti(2009): overt, covert, dishonest/false (irony, criticism), sincere/spontaneous Formulaic (a. appearance), noncanonical/creative STRATEGIES OF RESPONSE Herbert (1986) : 12 strategies (approval, contradiction, comment, attenuation, asking for interpretation, questioning, etc.

9. PERSPECTIVES Direct: You perspective Indirect: I perspective or He perspective Kate to Peter: Peter, you’re a genius (YOU are a genius) Kate to Peter: Peter, you are my idol (I perspective) Kate to Peter: Peter, you remind me of Brat Pitt, who is so handsome (HE perspective as the atributes describe Pitt directly, but Peter indirectly)

10. ANALYSIS DATA: What Women Want Languages: Polish, Italian, Swedish, Portuguese, Spanish (Arabic) 61 scenes 183 dialogues (in 3 lang.) Each scene numbered and entitled

11. Quantitative analysis S maller no of compliments in TTs Direct translated into indirect Some compliments are added by subtitlers RESEARCH QUESTIONS 1. ARE NONVERBAL (EXTRALINGUISTC LINGUISTIC) SIGNALS ALLOWED FOR IN SUBTITLES 2. ARE THERE ANY SHIFTS IN COMPLIMENT TRANSLATIONS

12. Qualitative analysis 1.Shift in perspective Compliment preserved in Pol., attenuated in It. Verbal and nonverbal signals in harmony

13. 2. English direct > indirect Compliment attenuated Verbal and nonverbal signals in harmony

14. 3 lack of synchrony Compliment preserved V and NV signals semi-compatible in Polish -one gesture left without description, in Swedish-incompatible, compatible in Italian

15. 4 no visual signals allowed for Compliment preserved V and NV signals – incompatible in Polish

16. 5 cross-cultural differences in forms of address Compliment – preserved V and NV signals – compatible (nv signals complement lack of explicit form of address)

17. RESEARCH QUESTIONS 1.ARE NONVERBAL (EXTRALINGUISTC LINGUISTIC) SIGNALS ALLOWED FOR IN SUBTITLES NOT ALWAYS (LACK OF SYNCHRONY WITH VISUAL SIGNALS) 2. ARE THERE ANY SHIFTS IN COMPLIMENT TRANSLATIONS YES DIRECT INTO INDIRECT IN ITALIAN MORE DIRECT IN POLISH THAN IN ITALIAN NOT ALL COMPLIMENTS ARE TRANSLATED Linguistic conventions play a role!

18. CONCLUSIONS-DISCUSSION- IMPLICATIONS TT SHOULD ALLOW FOR : ORIGINAL SOUNDTRACK AND VISUAL SIGNALS TRANSLATOR TRAINING IMPLICATIONS COMPLIMENTS SHOULD NOT BE CHANGED, SHIFTED TRANSLATOR TRAINING IMPLICATIONS?

19. THANK YOU You are great audience!

20. MUTLIMODAL SUBTITLING OF COMPLIMENTS a cross-lingusitic perspective What Women Want MUTLIMODAL SUBTITLING OF COMPLIMENTS a cross-lingusitic perspective What Women Want Nancy Meyers, staring Mel Gibson and Helen Hunt, 2003 Anna Bączkowska Kazimierz Wielki Unviersity Dept. of English Studies Bydgoszcz, Poland annabaczkowska.com