1. Endocrinology Ⅱ
Pituitary Gland

2. Thyroid gland

3. Thyroid gland The thyroid hormones
Synthesis and secretion: epithelioid cells
Storage: in colloid ,a large glycoprotein (thyroglobulin).

4. The thyroid hormones
Triiodothyronine

5. The thyroid hormones : 1mg/week : combine with iodine
iodide ['aiəudaid]
iodine ['aityrosine ['tairəsi:n,
Tyr 酪氨酸残基
: combine with iodine

6. The thyroid hormones iodide [‘aiəudaid] peroxidase oxidize
I0：nascent iodine
Iodination 碘化

7. The thyroid hormones

8. The thyroid hormones
When the synthesis of TH ceases, Physiologic effects of deficiency are not observed for 2-3 months
hypophysectomy [hai,pɔfi'sektəmi]垂体切除术
lysosome

9. The thyroid hormones (TH)

10. The thyroid hormones
Tadpole
metamorphic

11. The thyroid hormones (TH)
Cretinism
TH stimulation formation of dendrites, axons, myelin and neuroglia
Deficiency in iodine in fetus : TH↓→ Cretinism
Treatment : supplement the TH within three months after birth
Cretinism 呆小病 myelin cretinism ['kri:ti,nizəm]
neuroglia [英] [nju rɔɡliə ]

13. The thyroid hormones (TH)

14. The thyroid hormones (TH)
glycolysis [ɡlai'kɔlisis] 糖酵解
gluconeogenesis 糖异生
glycogenolysis 糖原分解

15. The thyroid hormones (TH)
mobilization [,məubilai'zeiʃən,动员

16. The thyroid hormones (TH)
Nonpittin
myxedemamyxedema [,miksə'di:mə]
Nonpitting edema
Lengthy sleep

17. The thyroid hormones (TH)

18. The thyroid hormones (TH)
:TH↓→constipation
constipation 便秘
Increase the appetite

19. Hyperthyroidism
Major clinical signs ：include weight loss (often accompanied by an increased appetite),anxiety, intolerance to heat, hair loss, muscle aches, weakness, fatigue, hyperactivity, irritability
goiter

20. The thyroid hormones (TH)
Regulation of Thyroid Hormone Secretion
Hypothalamic Pituitary Thyroid Axis
Autoregulation

21. Regulation of Thyroid Hormone Secretion
Hypothalamic Pituitary Thyroid Axis
Cold, etc. -
TRH
hypothalamus -
Proteolysis
Tripeptide amide
Anterior pituitary
TSH
Thyroid gland
T3,T4
Target cell

22. Regulation of Thyroid Hormone Secretion
Mechanism of goiter
Iodine↓→T3,T4↓→
TSH↑ (negative feedback) →
T3,T4 ↑and thyroid cells ↑ →goiter
goiter甲状腺肿
marasmus [mə'ræzməs] 消瘦

23. The thyroid hormones (TH)

24. Regulation of Thyroid Hormone Secretion
Auto regulation
Wolff-chaikoff effect
Without control of TSH, the thyroid gland can adapt itself function to iodide uptake
Iodide concentration: 10mmol/L , no uptake of iodide

25. Regulation of Thyroid Hormone Secretion
Effect of Autonomic Nervous System on Thyroid Activity
Sympathetic nerve: formation of TH↑
Para sympathetic nerve: formation of TH↓

26. Abnormality of thyroid gland
Hypothyroidism
Cretinism: extreme hypothyroidism during fetal life, infancy, or childhood
Goiter
Myxedema: bagginess under the eyes and swelling of the face
develop atherosclerosis
Sleeping up to 12 to 14 hours a day,
extreme muscular sluggishness
heart rate↓ cardiac output↓ blood volume↓
Body Weight↑
Constipation
mental sluggishness

27. Abnormality of thyroid gland
Hyperthyroidism
high state of excitability
intolerance to heat
increased sweating
mild to extreme weight loss
varying degrees of diarrhea
muscle weakness
nervousness or other psychic disorders
Extreme fatigue but inability to sleep
tremor of the hands

28. Summary
thyroid hormones
Function
Abnormality
regulation