1. Chapter 21: Revolutions in Europe and Latin America
Section 1: An Age of Ideologies
Section 2: Revolutions of 1830 & 1848
Section 3: Latin American Wars of Independence

2. Section 1: An Age of Ideologies
Summary:
Conflicts arose in Europe between people with opposing systems of thought and belief

3. Section 1: An Age of Ideologies
At the Congress of Vienna in 1815, European leaders tried to return Europe to the way it had been before the French Revolution
These leaders were part of a group called the Conservatives

4. Section 1: An Age of Ideologies
Conservatives included monarchs, noble landowners and church leaders
Conservatives wanted to return the kings of Europe to power and restore historic social classes
Conservative ideas also appealed to peasants who wanted to preserve traditional ways

5. Section 1: An Age of Ideologies
Liberals disagreed with the ideas of the conservatives
Liberals included members of the middle class
Many Liberal ideas came from the Enlightenment

6. Section 1: An Age of Ideologies
Liberals wanted governments to be based on written constitutions
They believed that people had Natural Rights
Disagreements between conservatives and liberals led to 30 years of turmoil in Europe

7. Section 1: An Age of Ideologies
Another challenge to the conservatives came from the Nationalists
Nationalists believed that each national group should have its own country
For centuries, European rulers had won and lost territory in war

8. Section 1: An Age of Ideologies
European rulers passed lands back and forth, from one country’s control to another
By 1825, several European empires included people from many different nationalities
Nationalists wanted to create their own homelands
During the 1800s, nationalist groups across Europe revolted against the empires

9. Section 2: Revolutions of 1830 & 1848
Summary:
Social and political discontent sparked revolutions in France in 1830 and 1848, which in turn inspired revolts in other parts of Europe

10. Section 2: Revolutions of 1830 & 1848
In 1815, the Congress of Vienna put a king back in power in France
In 1830, King Charles X began to act like an Absolute Ruler, and liberals and radicals revolted
Charles fled
Liberals then set up a constitutional monarchy

11. Section 2: Revolutions of 1830 & 1848
By the 1840s, France faced an economic and political crisis
Workers lost their jobs and bread prices rose
The people accused the government of corruption
Once again the French revolted
In 1848, the French set up a Republic

12. Section 2: Revolutions of 1830 & 1848
As in 1789, people throughout Europe heard of the French revolutions of 1830 and 1848.
The French success inspired other groups to act

13. Section 2: Revolutions of 1830 & 1848
Liberals wanted protection for their rights
They also demanded more power
Workers wanted relief from the suffering caused by the Industrial Revolution
Nationalists hoped for independence from foreign rulers

14. Section 2: Revolutions of 1830 & 1848
Across Europe, uprisings occurred in 1848
In the Austrian Empire, Hungarian, Italian and Czech nationalist groups demanded independence
In the German states, peasants burned the homes of wealthy landowners while students demanded reforms

15. Section 2: Revolutions of 1830 & 1848
For the most part, the revolts were short-lived
Revolutionaries failed to achieve their goals because powerful government forces crushed them

16. Section 2: Revolutions of 1830 & 1848
However, even when they failed, the revolutionaries frightened the rulers
Later on, many of these frightened rulers began to agree to reforms

17. Section 3: Latin American Wars of Independence
Summary:
Enlightenment ideas, revolutions in other lands and dissatisfaction with European rule caused revolutions in Latin America

18. Section 3: Latin American Wars of Independence
By the late 1700s, revolutionary ideas spread from Europe to Latin America
The French colony of Haiti was the first to revolt
Nearly half a million enslaved Africans worked their on French sugar plantations

19. Section 3: Latin American Wars of Independence
In 1791, Toussaint L’Ouverture led the Haitian slaves in revolt
After a long and difficult struggle, the slaves won their freedom, and soon Haiti declared its independence

20. Section 3: Latin American Wars of Independence
In the Spanish colonies, many groups were unhappy that social and political life was dominated by Peninsulares
Creoles wanted power for themselves
Mestizos and Mulattoes were angry about how the Spanish treated them
Enslaved Africans wanted freedom

21. Section 3: Latin American Wars of Independence
In the 1700s, educated Creoles read about Enlightenment ideas
They watched colonists in North America win their independence
Then in 1808, Napoleon overthrew the Spanish king
Latin American leaders knew it was now time to act

22. Section 3: Latin American Wars of Independence
In Mexico, peasants revolted in 1810
Eleven years later, they overthrew their Spanish rulers
In South America, a Creole named Simon Bolivar led wars of independence in Venezuela, Columbia and Ecuador

23. Section 3: Latin American Wars of Independence
Central America declared independence from Spain in the early 1820s
Local leaders united the region into a republic, although the republic later split into separate, independent states

24. Section 3: Latin American Wars of Independence
Most of these new nations faced many problems, including civil war and poverty