1. Constitution and First Presidents (Washington to Monroe) Chapters 6, 7, 8

2. A Convention Annapolis Convention (1786)- 9/13 states represented in feeble attempt to create stronger national govt. Alexander Hamilton called for convention to meet in Philly following year Philadelphia/Constitutional Convention (1787)  Immediate purpose was to revise the A of C  12/13 states represented (except RI)  55 well propertied delegates- forced to hold sessions in secrecy to secure better govt. (virtue of Republicanism)  George Washington, Alexander Hamilton, Ben Franklin

3. Shaping a Conservative Constitution Constitutional Delegates: –Lawyers, merchants, land speculators, and money lenders –Young (Avg. 42) –Experienced –Curb excess of popular democracy Goal of delegates:  Shape stronger constitution w/safeguards against mobocracy  Create strong and stable democracy free from excess  Ex. Shays’s Rebellion- demonstrated mobocracy

4. Constitutional Compromises A of C scraped, not revised Large State Plan/VA Plan- bicameral legislature based upon state population Small State Plan/NJ Plan- called for unicameral legislature of equal representation Solution: Great Compromise- Bicameral legislature (English tradition)  H of R: Representation based upon population  Senate: Equal Representation- 2 per state

5. 3 branches of govt. Checks and Balance System (Montesquieu) Strong single executive Electoral College system for electing Pres. 3/5 th ’s Compromise- Slaves counted as 3/5 th ’s of a person when determining state’s representation in Congress Commerce Compromise- Fed govt. controls interstate commerce Slave trade to end in 1808

6. Constitutional Safeguards Barriers erected against “Mobocracy” (excessive democracy)  Federal judges appointed for life term  Electoral College system for electing President  State senators chosen by state legislatures Basic Constitutional Principles  Republicanism  Govt. based on consent of the governed  Limited govt. power

7. The Silence” & the Founding Fathers 1790- Quaker delegations and Pennsylvania Abolition Society presented petitions in House of Reps calling for immediate end to slave trade  Although Commerce Compromise (Sectional Compromise) already addressed issue of slave trade (slave trade to end in 1808), petitions launched first public debate of slavery in American govt.  Petitions evolved into calling for abolition of institution of slavery itself  Spirit of ’76 not extended to slaves

8. Pro-Slavery Arguments Bible People’s livelihoods depended on slavery Understanding that Fed govt. could not interfere with slavery; pre- condition to ratification of Const. Issue of slavery compromised national union “Necessary Evil” Abolitionist Arguments Slavery interpreted to be of short duration, on road to complete extinction Compensate slave owners with profits from sale of western lands Silence = Slave insurrection

9. Original Intentions”- what was to be future of slavery during revolutionary era? Spirit of ’76 disavowed institution of slavery to permanent fixture in American society  Natural rights and egalitarian message of D of I  Slavery was not compatible with D of I  Slave Paragraph of D of I omitted  State Constitutions in North Slavery imbedded into American psyche to resist spirit of ‘76

10. Sectionalism at Constitutional Convention  Not necessarily b/w large and small states, but b/w slave and non-slave states (N vs. S)  Sectionalism led to fear of secession The Constitution and slavery- evasive  “Any clear resolution of the slavery questions one way or the other rendered ratification of Constitution virtually impossible”- Joseph Ellis

11. Racial Integration- common fear of abolishing slavery- TJ Census of 1790- reinforced sectional and racial concerns  Demonstrated that any plans for compensation not practical  Slave population increasing- doubling every 25 years due to natural reproduction  Fires of Spirit of ’76 dwindling Perpetuation of slavery made possible by exposing flaws in Abolitionist plans Stance of TJ and Madison  Laissez-faire political approach- the government that governs the least governs the best Result = Silence

12. Federalists vs. Anti-Federalists Federalists Educated and propertied Concentrated in NE and cities Conservative Antifederalists Advocates of stronger states’ rights Strong farmer, commoner, and debtor support Called for written Bill of Rights

13. Ratifying the Constitution Debate over Ratification (official approval) Did the new Constitution designate too much power to the national govt. at the expense of the states? 9/13 states needed for ratification, not unanimity like A of C State Assemblies voted on ratification of Constitution (elected by people, therefore demonstrated popular sovereignty- people are the ultimate source of govt. power) Ratification process was hotly debated item- strong holdouts- MA, NY, VA, NC, and RI

15. Federalist Papers Series of newspaper articles written by Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison Written to persuade public on merits of new Federal Constitution and the secure unanimous ratification  Federalist no. 10-argued that republican govt. could be applied to large territory; dangerous factions eliminated due to elected representatives pursuing common good- REPUBLICANISM  NY eventually ratified constitution Another conservative minority triumph

16. Series of newspaper articles written by Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison Written to persuade public on merits of new Federal Constitution and the secure unanimous ratification  Federalist no. 10-argued that republican govt. could be applied to large territory; dangerous factions eliminated due to elected representatives pursuing common good- REPUBLICANISM  NY eventually ratified constitution Another conservative minority triumph

17. What were the most important issues facing the new nation, and how would the Washington administration address them? Population doubling every 25 years 1790 census- 4 mil people, 90% rural  Slavery reflected sectional issue Failed A of C- notion of political instability; suspicion of strong central govt. Spanish controlled Mississippi and interior Tremendous national debt Global perception that new Republic would fail to achieve goals

19. Washington’s Presidency (1789-1796) Unanimously selected by electoral college to become nation’s 1 st President in 1789 Created Cabinet (Unwritten Constitution)  Thomas Jefferson- Secretary of State  Alexander Hamilton- Secretary of Treasury  Henry Knox- Secretary of War Washington’s Cabinet bred political parties  Hamilton represented Federalist ideas, whereas TJ represented Antifederalist ideas

20. Completing the Constitution Bill of Rights Compromise to secure ratification of Constitution b/w Federalists and Antifederalists 1791- Bill of Rights (First 10 Amendments) ratified as part of Constitution  Secured individual rights and liberties against govt.  Amendment Process- Constitutional amendments allow govt. to change with times- flexibility

21. Bill of Rights (1791) Amendment I- Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances. Amendment II- A well regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed. Amendment III- No soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house, without the consent of the owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law. Amendment IV- The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized. Amendment V- No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a grand jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia, when in actual service in time of war or public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same offense to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation. Amendment VI- In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the state and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the assistance of counsel for his defense. Amendment VII- In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury, shall be otherwise reexamined in any court of the United States, than according to the rules of the common law. Amendment VIII- Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. Amendment IX- The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people. Amendment X- The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states respectively, or to the people.

22. Judiciary Act 1789 Organized Supreme Court  5 Associate Justices  1 Chief Justice  Established Federal district and circuit courts John Jay- chosen to become first SC Chief Justice  Author of Federalist Papers  Federalists ideas at heart of SC, continued by John Marshall= strong central govt.

23. Hamilton’s Financial Plan Goal: shape fiscal policies to favor wealthy to secure financial and moral support for govt. Prosperity would infiltrate propertied classes and would trickle down to masses  Trickle down economics (Ronald Reagan) Financial Plan:  Assumption Plan  Tariff and Excise Taxes  National Bank

24. Hamilton

25. Assumption Plan Objective: Enhance national credit  Fund national debt at par (face value + interest)  Assume state debts (assumption plan)  “Debt is blessing”- Why?  Debate over Federal Supremacy vs. States  Compromise- Federal District to move to Potomac River near VA in return for support for financial plan  Total National Debt = $75 mil

26. Tariff and Excise Tax Objective: Raise revenue to pay off national debt Tariff- customs duty/tax on imported goods  Not only would the tariff secure revenue, but would protect and encourage development of infant American industry (Hamiltonian vision) Excise Tax- tax on domestic items  Whiskey distillers

27. National Bank Objective: Depository for federal money, but primary purpose was to stimulate economic activity through loans  Modeled on Bank of England  Powerful private institution w/ Fed Govt. as majority stock holder  Print stable national currency Debate over Constitutionality of Bank  Hamiltonians- loose interpretation/construction; “necessary and proper”/elastic clause  Jeffersonians- strict interpretation/construction  Sectionalism- who did BUS benefit? Bus created in 1791; chartered for 20 years

28. Whiskey Rebellion (1794) Western PA Whiskey farmers called for non payment of excise tax on whiskey Hmmm- Shays’s Rebellion (1786)- demonstrated weaknesses of A of C How would Washington respond?  Summoned 13k troops!  Rebellion squashed ** Washington’s actions demonstrated power of new Federal govt. under new Constitution**

29. 1 st Political Parties 1 st political ideologies emerged during ratification of Constitution- factions rather than political parties  Federalists supported new Constitution featuring stronger central govt.  Antifederalists opposed new Constitution due to fear of stronger central govt., weaker position of state govts., and absence of Bill of Rights Washington’s Cabinet- personal rivalry b/w Hamilton and TJ led to formation of formal political parties, not just ideology Political Parties did not exist during colonial era or during drafting of Constitution- another example of unwritten Constitution Result: 2 party system

30. Federalist (Hamiltonian) Ideology Rule by elite Fear of Mobocracy Strong Natl. Govt. Weak state govts. Loose interpretation Govt. encourages business and economic growth Protective Tariff Pro- British Debt is good Assumption Plan B.U.S. Restrictions of speech and press** Concentrated in NE and coastal areas Strong Navy Vision: Industrial America

31. Democratic-Republican (Jeffersonian) Ideology Rule by masses Encouraged growth of democracy Weak Natl. Govt. Stronger state govts Strict Interpretation No special favors for business Pro-French Debt is bad Reduce size of Natl. govt. State Banks rather than B.U.S. Free speech and press Concentrated in South and SW Vision: Agricultural America

32. Washington’s Foreign Policy French Revolution- although Americans embraced idea of democracy, radical phase of revolution would divide America Washington’s Neutrality Proclamation (1793)- declared that the U.S. would not intervene in foreign affairs  1 st formal declaration of neutrality in world affairs  Response to Revolution widening to war b/w France and England  Nation was too weak and fragile to risk involvement  Essentially violated Franco-American Treaty

33. Impact of Neutrality Proclamation Jeffersonians:  Enraged due to pro-French stance Hamiltonians:  Supported in light of recent Citizen Genet Affair as well as pro-British stance Citizen Genet Affair  French citizen attempted to recruit army to invade Spanish Florida and British Canada

34. A Belligerent England British retained forts in Great Lakes region  Also sought to make Indian buffer state to contain America movement westward  Battle of Fallen Timbers (1794)- General “Mad Anthony Wayne” crushed NW Indians  Treaty of Greenville (1795)- Natives abandoned alliance w/ British and ceded Ohio lands to U.S. British seizure of American ships and impressment of U.S. sailors in West Indies  Jeffersonians led outraged Americans to call for war or embargo on England

35. Treaty of Greenville

36. Jay’s Treaty (1795) G.W. sent Chief Justice John Jay (Federalist) to England in hopes of averting war Term’s of Jay’s Treaty:  British promise to evacuate U.S. forts- again!  Britain pay damages for seizures of ships  Did not pledge against future seizures, impressments, or supplying arms to native Americans  U.S. pledge to repay all Revolutionary War debts Reaction to Jay’s Treaty:  Jeffersonians outraged- disadvantaged southern farmers  Treaty cemented Democratic-Republican Party  Spain leery of Anglo-American alliance signed Pinckney’s Treaty of 1795- free navigation of Miss. River

37. Farewell Address Established precedent for 2 term tradition  Part of unwritten Constitution until 22 nd Amend Farewell Address- printed in nation’s newspapers  Advised against permanent alliances  Spoke about factions and evils of political parties Impact of Washington’s Presidency:  Established power of strong and stable Fed govt.  Successful Hamiltonian financial plan  Kept nation out of war and alliance  Growth of partisanship

38. 1796 Election and French Diplomacy Washington’s VP John Adams vs. TJ Election marked by partisan attacks Adams elected P, and TJ VP  12 th Amendment- separate ballots for P and VP France:  Worried about possible Anglo-American Treaty  Believed U.S. violated Franco-American Treaty  France began to seize and impress American merchants U.S. Response:  Adams sought to avoid war  XYZ Affair- American diplomats asked for $250k bribe to speak w/ Tallyrand  Although U.S. prepared for war (creation of Navy, Marines, and Army) Adams kept U.S. out of war with France

39. Adams

40. Partisanship Under Adams Adams saw war w/France as disadvantageous Called for new diplomat to be sent to France Pro-War Federalists outraged- blown opportunity to seize Florida and Louisiana Convention of 1800- treaty b/w U.S. and Napoleon  Terminated Franco-American Treaty of 1778  France to repay damages for seizures Adams’s actions averted war, paved way for LA purchase, but alienated himself from Federalists

41. Alien and Sedition Acts (1798) Federalists witch hunts Goal: Acts sought to reduce power and influence of Jeffersonians; both reaction to anti-French sentiment Alien Act- raised residency requirements from 5 to 14 years to become citizen; power of deportment  Most immigrants were poor farmers, and naturally attracted to Dem-Rep Party Sedition Act-significantly curtailed freedom of speech and press (too much democracy)  Aimed at Jeffersonian publishers, fine or imprisonment for attacking Federalist policies in govt.  Seemingly direct violation of Constitution, but SC headed by Federalists

42. VA/KY Resolutions Drafted my Madison and Jefferson in response to Alien and Sedition Acts Compact Theory- union made of 13 sovereign states made compact in forming govt., therefore states created national govt. Nullification- power of states to declare Federal laws unconstitutional Beginning of States’ Rights theory- states held supreme power over national govt. How would Election of 1800 be determined- Federalist or Democratic-Republican ideas?

43. What impact would Jefferson’s presidency have upon American politics, the economy, and foreign affairs?

44. Revolution of 1800 Election of 1800- Adams (Fed) vs. TJ (DR)  Tie in electoral votes b/w TJ and Burr (running mates)  Federalist dominated H of R voted for TJ Revolution of 1800- peaceful transfer of political power from Federalists to Dem-Reps How Revolutionary?  In midst of war hungry Federalists and partisanship, nation rolled with democratic sentiment to adhere to Constitution and virtues of Republicanism  Jefferson maintain Federalist programs  “The govt. that governs the least governs the best”

45. Jefferson

46. Federalist Contributions Adams- last Federalist President Federalist Contributions:  Established strong central govt.  Established stable financial plan  Avoided European wars

47. Jefferson’s Inaugural Address (1801) Goal: Emphasized democratic principles and reconciliation with Federalists –“We are all Federalists, we are all Republicans” –Foreign policy of neutrality –Did not seek to overhaul govt. and throw out Federalist programs

48. Jeffersonian Restraint = Revolution Alien and Sedition Acts expired Naturalization Law of 1802- 5 yr residency Maintained Hamiltonian financial system with exception of excise tax (taxed farmers)  Albert Gallatin- able Secretary of Treasury  Maintained funding debt at par  Maintained BUS  Maintained tariff

49. Judiciary Act 1801 Federalist bill created under Adams Created 16 federal judgeships to be packed with Federalists- “Midnight Appointment” Jeffersonian Congress repealed act when assumed office, but Federalist Chief Justice JOHN MARSHALL would shape S.C. decisions for next 30 years

50. The John Marshall Court MARBURY vs. MADISON (1803)- establishes SC’s power of judicial review: power to interpret the Constitution and declare a law or action by Congress unconstitutional  Part of unwritten constitution  Marshall’s decisions: Federalist decisions, power of Federal govt. strengthened at expense of states Jeffersonians attempt to impeach Samuel Chase on “high crimes and misdemeanors”  Attempt fails- impeachment seen as partisan attack

51. John Marshall

52. Jefferson and War Although TJ reduced size of Navy, pirates in Mediterranean forced him to adjust stance 1801- Pasha of Tripoli informally declared war on US for lack of adequate bribes*** Jefferson’s response?  Sent Navy to “shores of Tripoli”  Treaty of Tripoli (1805)- $60k payment to free American sailors  Initiated construction of small gunboats to protect American shores- “mosquito fleet”

53. Louisiana Purchase (1803) James Monroe sent to Paris to buy New Orleans and as much of LA territory possible for $10 mil  Goal: secure access to Miss. River and eliminate potential conflict w/ France Napoleon offered entire LA territory for $15 mil/3 cents per acre, but why?  Napoleon gave up dreams of Empire in western hemisphere due to Haitian Revolution under Toussaint L’Overture  Hoped that generous deal would strengthen US to rival England

54. Jefferson’s dilemma- is the LA purchase constitutional?  Strict vs. Loose Construction  TJ forced to abandon ideals yet once again to take advantage of deal  Entertained idea of passing amendment, but not timely solution  Impact of purchase:  Size of US doubled  Control of Miss. River  Continued trend of westward expansion  New states = republican support (agrarian interests)  “Valley of Democracy”  Provided sense of nationalism

55. Louisiana Purchase (1803)

56. Lewis and Clarke Expeditions Lewis and Clarke sent to explore LA territory for natural resources  Navigated the Missouri River to west coast  Aided by Sacajawea  Raised scientific knowledge of nature, created maps, greater knowledge of Native culture

58. Neutral America U.S. profiting from trade with both France and England despite Napoleon’s War Battle of Trafalgar- England defeated combined French-Spanish fleet and dominated the seas Battle of Austerlitz- Napoleon dominated the continent Orders of Councils- England forced merchant ships to dock at British ports 1 st and pay fees  France responded by seizing all merchant ships

59. British impressments! Forcible enlistment of sailors by British Navy to provide manpower for war w/France 6k Americans impressed from 1808-1811 in British Navy Many British sailors fled to U.S. merchants for financial gain  Chesapeake Incident- British forced American merchant ship to release deserters, ship sunk and Americans killed  Although both Feds and Reps wanted war, TJ called for immediate end to British impressments- but denied!!

60. Jefferson’s Embargo Act (1807) U.S. could not risk war due to weak Navy- TJ TJ believed that American supplies and foodstuffs were necessary to European powers, if cut off supply, belligerent practices would end Embargo Act of 1807- forbade export of all American goods  TJ adopted loose interpretation of Const. to stop trade, not just control commerce  Resulted in total destruction of American trade and seaports, soup kitchens, farmers had oversupply of goods  Many Americans resorted to illegal trade Embargo Act repealed in 1809, replaced with Non- Intercourse Act- reopened trade with rest of world, less France and England

61. Impact of Embargo Embargo more costly than securing strong Navy Relations with England shattered Brief revival of Federalist Party Embargo encouraged development of industrial American in NE (irony) England repealed Orders of Councils in midst if mounting British unemployment, but U.S. ready to declare war on England

63. What were the causes and consequences (ESP) of the War of 1812?

64. Madison and France With expiration of Non-Intercourse Act of 1809, Congress adopted Macon’s Bill No.2  Permitted trade with rest of world minus F and B  Pledged to restore trade with first country to life trade restrictions (bribe to restore trade)  Napoleon accepted terms hoping for war b/w U.S. and England  Non-intercourse agreements remained intact w/England

65. Madison

66. War Hawks Chiefly from S and W Led by Speaker of the House Henry Clay (KY) Goal #1-Wipe out Indian threat on frontier  Believed that British Canadians supplying Indian resistance movement on frontier  General William Henry Harrison destroyed Indian villages at Battle of Tippecanoe and Thames (last ditch effort for Indian alliance)  General Andrew Jackson destroyed Indians at Battle of Horseshoe Bend  Battles signified last Indian effort to halt white expansion into west

67. Goal #2- “On to Canada”  Wipe out base of Indian support Goal #3- Stop British Impressment  Impressment damaging southern agricultural shipments Goal #4- Wage war on England  Engineered vote to declare war on England in 1812  Vote reflected purely sectional interests- votes from S and W vs. N

68. Why fight British rather than French (true foe)?  British impressment  British support of Native Americans  Pro-French stance of DR’s and War Hawks  Desired Canada Those opposed to war?  NE shippers and manufacturers  Pro-British NE  Canada represented Agricultural vision of DR’s  NE’s supported British during War of 1812!!!

69. “On to Canada!!” War of 1812- widespread disunity  War hawk faction leading charge  Embargo/non-intercourse hurting economy  BUS expired  Inadequate army/navy Strategy for Canada- offensive invasion 3 pronged invasion for invasion- failed miserably With defeat of Napoleon in Europe in 1814, British troops sent to U.S. and war became defensive war

70. Washington Burned and New Orleans Washington D.C.- Capital building and white house burned in 1814  Defense of Fort McHenry- “Star Spangled Banner” Battle of New Orleans- General Andrew Jackson  British blunder resulted in 2k casualties  Battle occurred 2 weeks after peace treaty signed  AJ became war hero

71. Bombs Bursting in Air

72. Accomplishments of American Navy Only 16 ships in Navy at beginning of war  Yet American Navy outperformed British Navy American Privateers- “Militia of the Sea”  More damaging than actual Navy  Captured and destroyed British ships British Naval Blockade- severely crippled American economy during war

73. Treaty of Ghent (1814) Concluded War of 1812 Secured America’s “Second War for Independence” Treaty essentially an armistice  Fighting ended and conquered territories restored  American grievances not addressed by Treaty- Indian threat, Orders of Council, seizure, impressment  Treaty reflects that America did not win war, fought for terms Americans rejoiced at Treaty- “Not one inch of territory ceded or lost”

74. Hartford Convention (1814-1815) Federalist NE strongly opposed War  Possibility of secession Goal of Hartford Convention- secure financial assistance from Washington  Majority of delegated favored stating grievances rather than secession Impact of Hartford Convention- death of Federalist Party  Party tainted by treason

75. Impact of War of 1812 America successfully fought “2 nd War of Independence” National disunity and Sectionalism Infant American industries stimulated by British blockade NATIONALISM  Education  Art  BUS  National Capital  Stronger Army and Navy

76. Henry Clay’s “American System” (1824) Example of economic nationalism British dumped products on American market after War of 1812 below prices of domestic goods Tariff of 1816- first tariff in American history meant for protection, not revenue (Rep Congress!!) 3 Parts of American System  Strong banking system to provide credit  Protective tariff to encourage E manufacturing  Network of roads and canals- economically tie country together Prior to AS, states responsible for development of infrastructure- Ex. Erie Canal

77. “Era of Good Feelings” James Monroe elected P in 1816 (4 th consecutive VA Pres) Goodwill tour to usher in “Era of Good feelings”- boost nationalism, dispel sectionalism; meant to characterize the administration of Monroe However, early prosperity would be overcome by economic and sectional issues

78. Monroe

79. Panic of 1819 First National financial panic since Washington’s administration Deflation, depression, bankruptcies, bank failures, unemployment, poverty Cause: OVERSPECULATION OF LANDS  State “Wildcat” banks gave out too many loans that were not being repaid, foreclosed upon by BUS  West especially hard hit; growing resentment towards BUS; common man needed figure to rely on (eventually Andrew Jackson supporters)

80. Westward Movement Cheap land- “Ohio Fever” Immigrants seeking economic democracy Indebted easterners trekked westward Native Americans pushed further westward, allowing for settling of frontier lands Highways and routes into west- Cumberland Road Land Act of 1820- $1.25/acre

81. Missouri and Sectionalism 1819- Missouri applied for statehood Tallmadge Amendment- no more slaves allowed in MI and gradual emancipation for slave’s children  Although bill defeated, sectionalism became intertwined with spread of slavery into western territories Country abided by 2 state rule to maintain sectional balance (11 free vs. 11 slave)  MI to be first state carved from LA purchase, future of west and slavery became one

82. MO Compromise (1820) Engineered by the Henry Clay- “The Great Compromiser” MI admitted as slave state; Maine admitted as free state to maintain sectional balance 36°30’ line established for LA Territory  All future states north of the line free  All future states south of the line slave Northern or southern victory?  North- Congress had ability to restrict growth of slavery  South- slavery continuing to spread Missouri Compromise also reflected “silence”

84. Decisions of John Marshall Court Marbury vs. Madison- established power of judicial review Cohens vs. VA-lottery tickets; SC has power to review state supreme court decisions Gibbons vs. Ogden- Federal government has sole control over interstate commerce Fletcher vs. Peck- protection of contract; supremacy clause Dartmouth College vs. Woodward- protected business contracts from state intervention, but allowed development of monopolies McCulloch vs. Maryland- BUS ruled constitutional; “power to tax involves the power to destroy” Worchester vs. Georgia- state forced Native Americans to leave contrary to JM’s decision; “John Marshall has made his decision, now let him enforce it”- AJ

85. Monroe’s Foreign Policy Oregon Territory and the Treaty of 1818 w/Britain  Shared fisheries in Newfoundland  Fixed N border at 49 th parallel  10 year joint Occupation of Oregon territory Florida  Native Americans pacifies by military exploits of General Andrew Jackson  Florida Purchase Treaty of 1819- Spain ceded Florida to U.S. in return for abandoning any claims to Texas

86. Monroe Doctrine With democratic Revolutions and zealous European monarchs seeking to extend territorial control and influence in western hemisphere, U.S. and Britain would issue statement warning despots to leave Latin American nations alone Monroe Doctrine (1823)- called for non-colonization and nonintervention of European nations in Latin America  Response to Russian interests in Alaska, and Spanish interests in C and S America  Russo-American Treaty of 1824- fixed s boundary of Alaska at 54°40’ line  Pledge of non-interference in European affairs; reaffirmed American neutrality and isolation from European conflicts (illusion); boasted sense of nationalism; proclamation of self- defense

87. American Territorial Gains