1. Lecture 13 Population, Consumption, and the Environment

2. Are GMO’s the solution? Do you think you think that GMO’s are the solution to social problems or a social problem in themselves? Every society makes choices about the technology that is used. Where the choices should be made about GMO’s – the ballot box (our votes) or the marketplace (our money)?

3. The Tragedy of Commons Commons: Something open and shared by all “The Invisible Hand”: Individual selfishness leads to greatest public interest  Corporations are legal persons, rationally organized for the goal of profit maximization “Empire of the Pigs” "Mr. Greenspan said that he had found “a flaw in the model that I perceived is the critical functioning structure that defines how the world works.”

4. Are GMO’s the solution to world hunger?

5. Too many people, too little food? Malthus Theorem: population will always outpace food supply and produce human misery  Negative checks: abortion, infanticide, prostitution  Positive checks: war and famine The solution: “moral restraint” New Malthusians: fewer resources will lead to large scale misery and war over:  Water  Land  Oil

6. World Hunger Today

7. Food in an Unequal World India (212 mill) and China (150 mill) have the highest # of undernourished people  US: 38 million suffer from hunger, up 43% in the last five years Consistent World Hunger and Food Insecurity  Inequitable ownership of resources  Destruction of traditional food production  Environmental decline  Import/Export Imbalance

8. Hungry in Chad

9. Hungry in Guatemala

10. Hungry in the USA

11. Western Diet American diet is characterized by:  Animal products  Processed foods  Eating out Americans get 60% of their energy from two nutrients  Fat: oil from soybeans  Sugar: high fructose corn syrup

12. Effects of the Western Diet Inequality in distribution of resources around the world  36 % percent of the world's grain goes to feed livestock  1 calorie of meat takes 11-17 calories of grain  8 oz of beef take 660 gallons of water  70% of antibiotics  33% more fossil fuel Polarization of Nutritional Health  Diseases of over-consumption  Diseases of under-consumption **Now more over-weight than under-weight**

13. Affects on the Environment? We share the Earth's natural resources with nearly 1 billion pigs, 1.3 billion cows, 1.8 billion sheep and goats, and 13.5 billion chickens In the United States, where the waste generated by livestock is 130 times that produced by humans World's livestock herds account for roughly 25 percent of anthropogenic greenhouse gases - more than driving our cars

14. Growing Consumption Inequality in global consumption  In industrialized countries increase 2.3% annually  East Asia – 6.1%  African’s consume 20% less today than 25 years ago Growing demands on the environment with the growing population of new consumers  Increase desire for consumer goods of Western lifestyle and “consumer culture”

15. How do we pursue the common good?

16. Effect on the Land

17. Water Resources

18. Loss of Forests

19. Carbon Emissions