1. Tommy Firman Institute of Technology, Bandung Indonesia

2. Organization of Presentation 1. Contexts: Urban Development in Indonesia 2000- 2010. 2. Issues of Urban Development in Indonesia in the Early 21 st Century. 3. Planning Implications for the 21 st Century

3. Contexts: Urban Development in Indonesia 2000-2010 1. According to the 2010 Census, Population of Indonesia has reached 237.5 million by 2010. It is estimated that about 50% was urban population (about 118 million). 2. The 2000 Census showed that urban population in Indonesia was 85 million (42% of the total population). 3. During the last decade (2000-2010) Indonesia’s urban population increased by 33 million. 4. Indonesian cities play important role in the national economy, where more than 50% of the national GDP, excluding oil and gases, is generated from the urban areas. 5. Cities should be viewed in broader context of socio-economic and political dynamics, as well as geographical/physical conditions, at the global, regional, and local levels.

4. Indonesia

5. Issues of Urban Development in Indonesia in the Early 21 st Century (1) 1. Large cities still plays ‘Periphery’ role in the global urban system, due to low level of competitiveness (lack of infrastructure, facilities and amenities). 2. Climate change will have a significant impact on urban development, including floods due to abnormal rainfall and floods from sea levels. The impacts can cause severe damage to infrastructure, human settlements, and adversely affect the urban and national economic activities. 3. Environmental problems face major cities and medium and even small towns, including ineffectiveness and efficiency in water resource utilization; massive and uncontrolled land conversion; land subsidence due to heavy building construction and uncontrolled water pumping; solid waste and liquid waste managements; inadequate green open spaces. The pattern of ribbon development (sprawl) in large cities has resulted in traffic congestion and longer vehicle trip, which could emit more gas.

6. Issues of Urban Development in Indonesia in the Early 21 st Century (2) 4. From a national perspective, urban development in Indonesia reflects regional (sub-national) disparities. Urbanization and development of urban economic activities are still heavily concentrated in large cities, especially Greater Jakarta (Jabotabekjur), Surabaya (Gerbangkertasusila), and Bandung (Bandung Raya). Infrastructure and facilities for development of economic and business activities are concentrated in large cities. 5. Urban poverty, rural-urban migration, and urban informal sector. Meanwhile, the development of new towns, luxury apartments and super malls is increasingly sharpening the dualistic socio-economic conditions in the cities, which in turn will lead to segmentation of urban space. 6. Inadequate infrastructure and urban facilities and amenities. 7. Violation of urban spatial planning for development for several reasons, including an increase in regional revenues.

7. Issues of Urban Development in Indonesia in the early 21 st Century (3) 8. Under the new law of regional autonomy and decentralization many city and district governments in the euphoria reform suffer from the syndrome of ‘regional egocentrism’. This includes inward looking attitude, in which they do not see the city as part of wider region. It leads to the problem of ‘spatial fragmentation’.

8. Planning Implications for 21 st Century 1. The need to formulate Indonesia’s national sustainable urban development policy for the 21 st century, with objectives: (1) to improve the cities’ competitiveness in Asia. (2) to create more balanced urban development; (3) to improve urban environment.; and (4) to encourage local development. There was a national urban development policy in past (20 th century), but it had never been implemented consistently. 2. The need to incorporate (mainstreaming) risks of climate change and other natural disasters, especially earthquake) into city planning. The law of spatial planning (Law 26/2007) needs to be revised/ammended. 3. The need to shift from ‘government’ to ‘governance’ oriented urban development planning, by involving all stakeholders including private sectors and communities, not only the government (which was practiced in the twentieth century). Local government capacities need to be enhanced. 4. The need to encourage inter local-government partnerships for integrated urban development purposes, because urban development cannot be solved by local government individually. This did not present problems in the past, but now it is very critical.