1. Eric Schulz CAWCR BoM 2nd wind-waves Symposium 4-5 June, Melbourne
Atmosphere, Wave and Ocean observations at the Southern Ocean Flux Station
Eric Schulz
CAWCR BoM
2nd wind-waves Symposium 4-5 June, Melbourne

2. Introducing the IMOS Southern Ocean Flux Station
IMOS facility
Multiple moorings
Freely available data
Platform for other instruments
Annual visits
Located 47S, 142E in Sub-Antarctic zone, north of AAC
SOFS, 47S, 142E in Sub-Antarctic zone

3. Southern Ocean Time Series (SOTS), including SOFS
SAZ Sediment trap
Southern Ocean Flux Station
Located 47oS, 140oE in the Sub-Antarctic Zone, southwest of Tasmania
Comprises:
SAZ Sediment Trap mooring
Pulse bio-geo-chemical mooring
Southern Ocean Flux Station mooring
Profiling drifters & Glider (ANFOG)
Pulse Bio-geo-chemical mooring

4. SOTS & SOFS Data Holdings
Multidisciplinary
Multiplatform
Redundancy
Builds on 10-year SAZ record
Example of data holdings related to SOTS
Filled= data in hand, open=collection underway, dashed=planned collection

5. SOFS in Action

6. Vital Stats 2.7m Buoy weight: 1270 kg 1.6m 2.7m
The Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research A partnership between CSIRO and the Bureau of Meteorology

7. SOFS Tower and instruments
Wind
Short- & Long-wave radiation
Temperature
& Humidity
Precipitation
Air pressure
The Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research A partnership between CSIRO and the Bureau of Meteorology

8. Buoy well
The Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research A partnership between CSIRO and the Bureau of Meteorology

9. Loading the Anchor Anchor weight: 3900 kg
The Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research A partnership between CSIRO and the Bureau of Meteorology

10. Mooring Diagram Chain 8m Depth 4.5km Wire 1.9km Rope 4.1km
The Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research A partnership between CSIRO and the Bureau of Meteorology

11. Oceanographic instrumentation
The Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research A partnership between CSIRO and the Bureau of Meteorology

12. Measurements on SOFS Atmospheric Wave Ocean
Wind, temperature, humidity, pressure, radiation, rain (bulk fluxes of mass, heat, momentum)
Wave
Motion Reference Unit (CSIRO design)
Captures 3-D buoy motion and orientation at 5 Hz
Proxy for waves
Measures last 10 minutes of each hour
Ocean
Temperature (to 500m)
Salinity, pressure, PAR, sparse array
Currents (ADCP to 500m)
BGC at surface and 30-50m

13. SOFS data & Results World first 12-month flux record in SO
First time SO in situ fluxes used to validate atmospheric models
Wave from SOFS and Pulse
SOFS & NCEP (Josey)
Net Heat flux
and SST from SOFS-1
SOFS1 & 2 Waves
Sea
Temperature

14. SOFS data & Results
Fluxes and SST from SOFS-1

15. 24-months of wave & wind observations
SWH & U10N
SOFS 1
Mar 2010-Jan 2011
SOFS 2
Nov 2012-July 2013
SOFS 3
July 2013-Dec 2014
SWH peaks at 22 m (September 2010)
More typical (believable) SWH max are m
U10 average = 10 ms-1, max = 29 ms-1

16. 24-months of wave & wind observations
SWH & Tau
SOFS 1
Mar 2010-Jan 2011
SOFS 2
Nov 2012-July 2013
SOFS 3
July 2013-Dec 2014
Tau mean = 0.2 Nm-2
Tau peak = 2.8 Nm-2

17. MRU-Triaxis comparison
MRU and Triaxis wave package deployed on SOFS-2
MRU is 0.15m larger than Triaxis
MRU is 3% larger than Triaxis
MRU overestimates the peaks

18. New Observations for wave-ocean mixing and currents
Program to understand wave induced mixing in upper ocean (Babanin, Hemer, Ghantous, Schulz, Rapizo)
New instruments on SOFS-4 (CSIRO & Swinburne)
Vert. profile ~cm of u & v down ~1m, ADCP (Nortek Aquadopp 1 Mhz profiler) in buoy hull
u & v point (Nortek Aquadopp HR)
3-D m (Nortek Vector)
Frontier observations – what will we get?

19. Evidence for big breaking waves… 3m up
SOFS-1
Sonic Arms out of alignment
SOFS-3
Rain Gauge funnels
missing
Rain Gauge supports bent
The Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research A partnership between CSIRO and the Bureau of Meteorology