1. Anatomy & Physiology, ch. 4
Tissues
Anatomy & Physiology, ch. 4

2. Question of the Day
What are the levels of organization found in the human body? 2

3. Levels of Organization
Atoms, Molecules, Macromolecules, Organelles
Cells
Tissues
Organs
Organ Systems
Organisms 3

4. Tissue Groups of cells with specialized structure/function
4 major types
Epithelial, Connective, Muscular, Nervous 4

5. Epithelial Epithelia and Glands Important characteristics
free surface exposed to environment or some internal chamber/passageway
basement membrane attaches it to connective tissue
Avascular 5

6. Function of Epithelia Physical protection Controls Permeability
Provides Sensations
Produces specialized Secretions
glandular epithelium (exocrine and endocrine) 6

7. Cell Junctions between Epithelia
Gap Junction
connection via channel proteins
cardiac muscle and smooth muscle tissue
Tight Junction
interlocking proteins on the outer lipid layer of membranes
prevents loss of water and solutes between cells
Desmosome
protein filaments and intercellular cement 7

8. General Structure Contain microvilli or cilia on exposed surface
specialize in active and passive transport
increases surface area
Basement membrane connects epithelium to connective tissue
Stem cells responsible for cellular division and replacement/renewal of epithelia 8

9. Classification of Epithelia
Cell Layers
simple ephithelium
Thin, areas of secretion or absorption
line chambers/passageways
stratified ephithelium
Thicker, areas of mechanical/chemical stresses
Cell Shape
Squamous
Cuboidal
Columnar 9

10. Simple Epithelial Simple Squamous
lining of body cavities, blood vessels, heart, surface of lungs, kidney tubules
Simple Cubodial
Secrets enzymes and buffers in pancreas/salivary glands, lines kidney tububles
Simple Columnar
Stomach, digestive tract, excretory ducts 10

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12. Pseudostratified Epithelia
Appears to be many layers
Nuclei at different levels
Respiratory tract
Ciliated pseudostratified epithelia line the nasal cavity, trachea, bronchi and portions of male reproductive system 12

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14. Transitional Epithelium
Forms a barrier between waste
Increase tension/pressure causes a change in cell shape
Lines Ureters and Urinary Bladder 14

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16. Stratified Epithelial
Squamous
Epidermis, mouth, throat, vagina, anal canal
Cubodial
Sweat, salivary, mammary glands, pancreas, (lumen)
Columnar
Superfical layer is columnar; basal are cubodial
Pharynx, male reproductive 16

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18. Glandular Epithelia
Produce and secrete substances into ducts or bloodstream
Exocrine
Into a duct
Apocrine-lose parts of cell during secretion
Merocrine- water, protein-rich secretion via exocytosis
Holocrine- entire cell lyses during secretion
Secretions
Serous:watery solution containing enzymes
Mucous: thick, mucous
Mixed: more than 1 type of gland cell, 2 different exocrine secretions or 1 exo/endocrine secretions
Endocrine
Into bloodstream/tissue 18

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20. Connective Tissue Never exposed to the environment outside the body
Basic Structure
Specialized cells
Protein fibers
Ground Substance 20

21. Functions of Connective
Support and Protection
Transport Materials
Stores Energy
Immunity 21

22. Classification of Connective
Based on physical properties of ground substance
Connective Tissue Proper
many types of cells and fibers
Fluid Connective Tissue
distinctive cells in watery ground substance
Supporting Connective Tissue
Matrix is dense and closely packed fibers
Cartilage and bone 22

23. Connective Tissue Proper
Adipocytes
Mast cells
Near blood vessels (heparin & histamine)
Macrophages
Scavenger/defense cells
Fibroblasts
Most common and most numerous
Star shaped and release 3 types of fibers
Collagen
Elastic
Reticular 23

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25. Fibroblast Fibers Collagenous Elastic Reticular
Thick collagen fibers that are flexible but slightly elastic; great textile strength
Thin elastin fibers that stretch easily and resume shape
thin collagen fibers that are branched and form delicate supporting networks
Ligaments
Tendons
Vocal cords
various organs 25

26. Loose Connective Tissue
Least specialized
Binds skin to underlying tissues, fills spaces between muscle, under most layers of epithelium
aka. Areolar Tissues 26

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28. Adipose Tissues Formed when fat is deposited into cytoplasm of cells
Cushions joints and some organs, takes up space, insulator, energy storage
Between muscles, beneath skin, around organs and joints 28

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30. Dense Connective Tissue
Closely packed collagen and elastin fibers
Poor blood supply
Extremely strong tissue
Binds body parts, tendons, ligaments, scalera of eye 30

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32. Blood & Lymph Transports nutrients and other materials
Maintains homeostasis
Forms in the red bone marrow
Comprised of red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and blood plasma 32

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34. Cartilage Ridge form of connective tissue
Matrix is comprised of collagenous fibers
Chondrocytes are located within the matrix in the lacunae
Perichondrium surrounds cells and provides nutrients
Tissue repair is extremely slow
Provides support/protection, framework, structural models for bones
3 types 34

35. Cartilage Types Hyaline Elastic Fibrocartilage
Fine collagen fibers; most common
Dense elastin fibers; flexibility
Tough collagen fibers
End of bones, respiratory passage, nose
Ears, larynx
Spine, knee, pelvic girdle 35

36. Bone Ridgedness due to CaCO3 and Ca3PO4
Matrix has many collagenous fibers
Osteocyte is in the lacunae forming a lamellae which when added to matrix forms the osteon
Healing happens faster than cartilage
Protection/support/framework 36

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38. Muscle Tissue Has the ability to contract 3 types Skeletal Smooth
Cardiac 38

39. Muscle Tissue Types Skeletal Smooth Cardiac
Voluntary; contains striations; stimulated by nerve impulse
Involuntary; lacks striations
Involuntary; striated; jointed cells via intercalated disc
Attached to bone
Walls of hallow organs
Heart only 39

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41. Nervous Tissue Coordinates, regulates, and integrates body functions
Comprised of Neurons
Neurological cells help to support neurons 41

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