1. NHS Education for Scotland The NHS Scotland e-Library – a portal to best evidence Sandra Davies E-Library Team Leader

2. Summary Hierarchy of evidence Secondary research resources Primary research resources Quick reference resources Guidelines, HTAs, economic databases One-stop shops Process of EBP resources Grey literature Search hints

3. Hierarchy of evidence* 1.Systematic reviews & meta- analyses 2.RCTs 3.Cohort studies 4.Case control studies 5.Cross sectional surveys 6.Case reports 7.Expert opinion 8.Anecdotal * Source: http://www.shef.ac.uk/~scharr/ir/units/systrev/hierarchy.htm

4. Primary & secondary research* Primary: original studies based on observation or experimentation on subjects (2-8 on hierarchy) Secondary: reviews of published research, drawing together the findings of two or more primary studies (1 on hierarchy) * Source: http://www.shef.ac.uk/~scharr/ir/units/systrev/hierarchy.htm

5. Sources of secondary research Pre-filtered Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effectiveness Non-filtered Medline Embase (filter by methodology terms and publication type)

6. General sources of primary research Biomedical databases Medline/Medline Extra Embase Journals Over 4000 full-text online CT databases Cochrane Controlled Trials Register ClinicalTrials.gov NHS National Research Register

7. Specialised sources of primary research Ovid AMED BNI CINAHL PSYCINFO SPORTDISCUS Free CAM on PubMed PEDRO HerbMed Cancerlit UKCCR Register of Cancer Trials

8. Quick-reference sources for rapid answers to clinical queries (1) Clinical Evidence (via NeLH) ACP Journal Club/Evidence Based Medicine (Ovid)

9. Quick-reference sources for rapid answers to clinical queries (2) “Evidence Based” journals series - Cardiovascular medicine - Policy and management - Obstetrics and gynecology - Oncology - Nursing

10. Guidelines, HTAs, Economic Evaluations SIGN guidelines NeLH Guidelines Finder Health Technology Assessment Databases NHS Economic Evaluation Database

11. One-stop shops TRIP database SUMSearch PubMed Clinical Queries

12. Books on the process of EBP Bellevue guide to outpatient medicine: an evidence-based guide to primary care Evidence based pediatrics and child health Evidence based hypertension Evidence based health economics Evidence based practice for occupational therapists Evidence based practice: a critical appraisal

13. Grey literature Click on “Government Information” on e-Library bookshelf for access to SEHD and Department of Health reports, policy documents, and selected health-related Acts and Bills of Parliament

14. Searching EBP interfaces – some miscellaneous hints Ovid provides a range of expert search filters via the Saved Searches feature

16. Searching EBP interfaces – some miscellaneous hints Searching capabilities of databases depend on underlying record structure and controlled vocabularies – some much more sophisticated than others e.g Medline superior to BNI

17. MEDLINE example Meta-analysis of the effect of psychoeducational interventions on pain in adults with cancer. Oncology Nursing Forum. Online. 30(1):75-89, 2003 Jan-Feb. Adult Chronic Disease *Cognitive TherapyAdult Chronic Disease *Cognitive Therapy / mt [Methods] Counseling / mt [Methods] Female Human Male *Neoplasms / co [Complications] Pain / cl [Classification] Pain / et [Etiology] *Pain / pc [Prevention & Control] *Pain / px [Psychology] Pain Measurement *Patient Education / mt [Methods] Quality of Life Relaxation Techniques Reproducibility of Results Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.mt [Methods] Counselingmt [Methods] Female Human Male *Neoplasmsco [Complications] Paincl [Classification] Painet [Etiology] *Painpc [Prevention & Control] *Painpx [Psychology] Pain Measurement *Patient Educationmt [Methods] Quality of Life Relaxation Techniques Reproducibility of Results Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. Publication Type: Journal Article. Meta- Analysis.

18. BNI example Meta-analysis of the effect of psychoeducational interventions on pain in adults with cancer. Oncology Nursing Forum. Online. 30(1):75-89, 2003 Jan-Feb. Subject Headings Cancer- Pain Patients- Education Patients- Psychology Pain and Pain Management

19. Searching EBP interfaces – some miscellaneous hints Guides and tutorials available on e- Library