1. From The World of Maps, by Judith A. Tyner. Copyright 2015 by The Guilford Press. Figure 4.1. Parallels are lines of equal latitude.

2. From The World of Maps, by Judith A. Tyner. Copyright 2015 by The Guilford Press. Figure 4.2. Meridians are lines that have the same longitude.

3. From The World of Maps, by Judith A. Tyner. Copyright 2015 by The Guilford Press. Figure 4.3. Earth’s graticule.

4. From The World of Maps, by Judith A. Tyner. Copyright 2015 by The Guilford Press. Figure 4.4. Earth’s axis is tilted 23½° and points to the North Star.

5. From The World of Maps, by Judith A. Tyner. Copyright 2015 by The Guilford Press. Figure 4.5. The seasons result from the tilt of the axis.

6. From The World of Maps, by Judith A. Tyner. Copyright 2015 by The Guilford Press. Figure 4.6. UTM grid within the United States.

7. From The World of Maps, by Judith A. Tyner. Copyright 2015 by The Guilford Press. Figure 4.7. Determining location with UTM.

8. From The World of Maps, by Judith A. Tyner. Copyright 2015 by The Guilford Press. Figure 4.8. State Plane Coordinate System for California.

9. From The World of Maps, by Judith A. Tyner. Copyright 2015 by The Guilford Press. Figure 4.9. On some maps an alphanumeric grid is used.

10. From The World of Maps, by Judith A. Tyner. Copyright 2015 by The Guilford Press. Figure 4.10. A great circle does not follow a parallel except at the equator.

11. From The World of Maps, by Judith A. Tyner. Copyright 2015 by The Guilford Press. Figure 4.11. Loxodrome or line of constant compass direction on the globe.

12. From The World of Maps, by Judith A. Tyner. Copyright 2015 by The Guilford Press. Figure 4.12. Azimuth.

13. From The World of Maps, by Judith A. Tyner. Copyright 2015 by The Guilford Press. Figure 4.13. Compass bearing.

14. From The World of Maps, by Judith A. Tyner. Copyright 2015 by The Guilford Press. Figure 4.14. Grid north, magnetic north, and true north.

15. From The World of Maps, by Judith A. Tyner. Copyright 2015 by The Guilford Press. Figure 4.15. Metes and bounds property patterns.

16. From The World of Maps, by Judith A. Tyner. Copyright 2015 by The Guilford Press. Figure 4.16. Seigneurial system or French Long Lots.

17. From The World of Maps, by Judith A. Tyner. Copyright 2015 by The Guilford Press. Figure 4.17. States covered by PLSS and principal meridians.

18. From The World of Maps, by Judith A. Tyner. Copyright 2015 by The Guilford Press. Figure 4.18. Ohio was an experimental area for survey systems.

19. From The World of Maps, by Judith A. Tyner. Copyright 2015 by The Guilford Press. Figure 4.19. United States Public Land Survey System.

20. From The World of Maps, by Judith A. Tyner. Copyright 2015 by The Guilford Press. Figure 4.20. Official property description for a 2.5-acre parcel of land in Nevada.

21. From The World of Maps, by Judith A. Tyner. Copyright 2015 by The Guilford Press.