1. Authorship & Publication Ethics Dr L. Ghalichi Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics School of public health Tehran University of Medical Sciences

2. Authorship Authors are listed to provide a public record of responsibility and credit for the work Only those who can take both responsibility and credit for a work should be authors

3. Authors Roles

4. Authorship Policies Try to Ensure that all those who deserve authorship are listed as authors Ensure that those who do not deserve authorship are not listed as authors

5. Authorship 1. Substantial contributions to conception and design, or acquisition of data, or analysis and interpretation of data AND 2. Drafting the article or revising it critically for important intellectual content AND 3. Final approval of the version to be published All 3 conditions should be met for assigning authorship (Consensus Statement, International Council of Medical Journal Editors)

6. Acknowledgments All contributors who do not meet the criteria for authorship should be listed in an acknowledgments section ◦ who provided purely technical help ◦ writing assistance ◦ department chair who provided only general support ◦ Financial and material support

7. How to avoid problems with authorship? 1. Follow the international guidelines. 2. Agree before starting 3. Don’t add a senior author to improve the chances of publication 4. Agree on who will be corresponding author.

8. Gift Authorship Ghost Authorship Types of Authorship

9. Gift Authorship Gift authorship: inclusion of authors who made no substantial contributions (heads of departments, superiors, family, colleagues & collaborators). Some one who has NOT contributed substantially to the work Often a senior person whose name has cache.

10. Ghost Authorship Ghost authorship: exclusion of authors who did contribute significantly (junior staff, "supporting" contributors) A “nobody” writer (the ghost) writes an article, then a “somebody” agrees to put his or her name on the byline

11. ترتيب نويسندگان به ترتيب الفبا به ترتيب نقش ◦ نويسنده اول : مسئوليت اصلي جمع آوري و آناليز داده‌ها و نويسنده ويراستار اول مقاله ◦ نويسنده آخر : محقق صاحب‌نام, مسئول کلي مطالعه ◦ نويسندگان مياني : به ترتيب اهميت نقش

12. What is Plagiarism? According to Webster's New World Dictionary, to plagiarize is to "take the ideas, writings, etc. from another and pass them off as one's own“ Plagiarism is the act of presenting the words, ideas, images, sounds, or the creative expression of others as your own.

13. سرقت علمي (Plagiarism) سرقت علمي (Plagiarism) استفاده بدون ذکر ماخذ, از ايده و اثر انتشار يافته يا انتشار نيافته ديگران. تمام منابع بايد ذکر شوند. اگر ميزان قابل توجهي از اثر ديگري قرار است مورد استفاده قرار گيرد بايد از وي اجازه گرفته شود.

14. Fraud در مقاله نويسي، Fraud درجات مختلفي دارد که بدترين درجه آن Fabrification است به اين معني که داده‌ها و Data را سنتز کنيد. يعني داده‌هايي را بسازيد که اصلا وجود خارجي نداشته اند. درجه خفيف‌تر fraud ، Falsification يا به اشتباه انداختن مي‌باشد، يعني اينکه تعدادي از داده‌ها را حذف کنند و يا تعدادي را اضافه کنند و به طور کلي دستکاري داده‌ها را Falsification مي‌گويند و يا اينکه تعدادي از داده‌ها را که جواب‌هاي آن‌ها با ساير داده‌ها هم‌خواني ندارد را حذف کرده و کنار بگذاريد. اگر داده‌های عوارض جانبي را در يک مطالعه clinical trial گزارش نکنيد، باز هم به نوعي Falsification اتفاق افتاده است.

15. How to avoid Plagiarism? 1. Quoting 2. Re-wording or Re-phrasing

16. Direct Quotes If you use someone else’s writing without putting it in quotes, you have blatantly plagiarized. Even if you add the source in your bibliography, it is still plagiarism !

17. Paraphrasing Be careful about rewriting someone else’s words. If your sentences use many of the same words and grammatical structure as the original source, it could be construed as plagiarism. Just put the text in your own words.

18. When Paraphrasing… Be sure you are not just rearranging or replacing words. Rewrite the phrase in your own words and credit the original source. Double check what you have wrote by comparing it with the original writing.

19. Let’s Practice: Are the Following Plagiarism or Not? Original source: The effort required to provide online information literacy instruction is intense. Your paper: ”The effort required to provide online information literacy instruction is intense.” (Smith 2006, p.42)

20. Answer ? Not Plagiarism You’ve used quotation marks and cited the source so that no one believes that these are your own words

21. Let’s Practice: Are the Following Plagiarism or Not? Original source: The effort required to provide online information literacy instruction is intense. Your paper: Smith (2006, p.42) argues that providing online courses in information literacy is hard work.

22. Answer ? Not Plagiarism You’ve interpreted without quoting, have cited your source, and have not used a great deal of the original terminology

23. Let’s Practice: Are the Following Plagiarism or Not? Original source: The effort required to provide online information literacy instruction is intense. Your paper: The work needed to provide online information literacy teaching is intense.

24. Plagiarism Your version is a paraphrase of the original with a lot of the original terminology still there as well as the same sentence structure. Answer ?

25. Plagiarism Detection Softwares There are lots of Plagiarism Detection Softwares which you can find on the web. Here are some of them: ◦ http://www.anticutandpaste.com http://www.anticutandpaste.com ◦ http://www.plagiarismdetect.com http://www.plagiarismdetect.com ◦ http://www.dustball.com/cs/plagiarism.checker/ http://www.dustball.com/cs/plagiarism.checker/ ◦ http://www.millikin.edu/wcenter/plagiarism3.html http://www.millikin.edu/wcenter/plagiarism3.html ◦ http://www.plagiarismfinder.com/en-index.htm http://www.plagiarismfinder.com/en-index.htm

26. Plagiarism Detection Websites There are lots of Plagiarism Detection Online Websites which you can find on the web. Here are some of them: ◦ http://www.duplichecker.com/ http://www.duplichecker.com/ ◦ http://invention.swmed.edu/etblast/etblast.shtml http://invention.swmed.edu/etblast/etblast.shtml ◦ http://www.turnitin.com/http://www.millikin.edu/wcente r/plagiarism3.html http://www.turnitin.com/http://www.millikin.edu/wcente r/plagiarism3.html

27. Guidelines for Publication Widely cited guidelines for publication written by the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors. Guidelines can be found at www.icmje.org

28. Guidelines for Publication Avoid misrepresentation in publications ◦ Authors responsible to publish accurate, complete, clear, and unbiased work Publish manuscripts that represent new and substantial findings ◦ Avoid fragmentary publication – dividing research findings into the smallest publishable units

29. Guidelines for Publication Avoid redundant manuscript submission & publication ◦ Submission of a paper provisionally gives the journal copyright of the work ◦ Readers may be misled into thinking the research represents two separate data sets ◦ Readers may be led to think that a study has been successfully repeated

30. Guidelines for Publication Criteria for Authorship ◦ Authors should:  Make a substantial contribution to conception and design, acquisition of data, or analysis and interpretation of data  Write draft of the article or revise it critically for important intellectual content  Provide final approval of the version to be published  Agree to be named as author ◦ Avoid authorship disputes by discussing plans and criteria for authorship at the outset of collaboration

31. Guidelines for Publication Do not plagiarize! ◦ Always credit the work of others ◦ Be sure to cite sources ◦ Include all cited sources in the reference list and vice versa ◦ Obtain permission to include figures, models, graphs, etc.

32. Guidelines for Publication Acknowledge those who contribute to the research but do not qualify for authorship ◦ May provide space, financial support, materials, etc. ◦ Be sure permission to be acknowledged is granted

33. Guidelines for Publication State in the manuscript when research has been approved by institutional review committees Acknowledge/disclose in the manuscript any real or perceived conflicts of interest to avoid the appearance of any bias

34. Guidelines for Publication Adequately and accurately cite literature ◦ Include adequate references to document ideas ◦ Verify that referenced works are consistent with the ideas and information credited to them ◦ Cite original sources whenever possible ◦ Check the accuracy of citations so readers can locate referenced work

35. Guidelines for Publications Admission of error is generally perceived as a sign of integrity and concern for high standards; thus: ◦ Submit letter of erratum to the journal when minor errors are discovered in a manuscript ◦ Submit a letter of correction to the journal if unintentional errors are found that undermine part of the manuscript ◦ Submit a letter of retraction to the journal when unintentional errors or errors of misconduct are great enough to invalidate the entire manuscript

36. Publication Ethics Redundant Publication ( تکراري بودن مقاله ) : وقتي است که دو يا چند مقاله بدون اينکه ذکر کنند، از يک Data و Material استفاده کرده باشند و در حقيقت شبيه به هم باشند. Duplicate Submission يا ارسال همزمان يک مقاله به چند مجله نيز جزء تخلفات به حساب مي آيد. منتشر کردن متن کامل (Full text) مقاله‌اي که Abstract آن قبلا در گنگره‌اي ارائه گرديده، اشکالي ندارد. چاپ شدن قبلي abstract يک مقاله، مانع از آن نيست که مقاله کامل آن را چاپ کنيد. اصولا در مورد Abstract ، قانون کپي رايت کمتر در مورد آن رعايت مي‌شود و ارسال و چاپ کردن Abstract يک مقاله حتي به صورت همزمان درچند کنگره مختلف اشکالي ندارد.

37. Publication Rules منتشر کردن مقاله به يک زبان ديگر، اشکالي ندارد ولي بايد ذکر کنيد که اين مقاله قبلا به زبان ديگري چاپ گرديده است. نکته : اگر مي‌خواهيد که مقاله خود را به مجله ديگري ارسال کنيد، در صورتيکه قبلا به جاي ديگري ارسال کرده ايد ولي به دليل گذشت زمان طولاني هنوز جوابي نگرفته ايد، بهتر است که ابتدا با مجله اولي مکاتبه کرده و مقاله خود را پس بگيريد و سپس آنرا به مجله جديد ارسال کنيد. نکته : سعي کنيد که در مقاله خود از خلاصه مقاله‌هاي کنگره‌ها، به عنوان رفرانس استفاده نکنيد و اصولا آن‌ها را به عنوان رفرانس قرار ندهيد.

38. Publication Ethics Codes & Protocols You can find more guidelines & protocols of publication ethics in COPE (Committee of Publication Ethics) Website. http://www.publicationethics.org.uk/

39. A tale of two citations ! Errami M. Garner H. A tale of two citations Nature, Volume 451, Issue 7177, 24 January 2008, Pages 397-399