1. 1 What is ballistics? Give 3 examples of how ballistics is used in forensic science.

2. Introduction Ballistic evidence helps explain: What type of firearm was used. The caliber of the bullet. The number of bullets fired. Where the shooter was. Whether a weapon was fired recently. If a firearm was used in previous crimes. Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 17 2

3. Chapter 17 Ballistics By the end of this chapter you will be able to: describe rifling on a gun barrel and explain how it marks a bullet explain barrel size and caliber describe how bullets are test fired and matched discuss the role of ballistics recovery and examination at a crime scene determine the position of the shooter based on bullet trajectory Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 17 3 All Rights Reserved South-Western / Cengage Learning © 2009

4. History of Forensic Firearm Identification 1835 – London, England. Mold mark used to make bullet from molten lead used as evidence in homicide case 1863 – Examination of the bullet type and design used to shoot Gen. Stonewall Jackson showed he was shot by one of his own men 1879 – Minnesota. Rifling marks from a revolver used in court to differentiate two revolvers 1925 – The comparison microscope is developed by Philip Gravelle

5. Firearm Nomenclature Slide Barrel Extracto r Trigger Hammer Safety

6. Ammunition bsapp.com

7. Bullets, Cartridges, and Calibers Bullets and cartridges are packaged together. The bullet, usually of metal, is out front with the cartridge, holding the primer and propellant powders, behind. Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 17 7

8. bsapp.com

9. bsapp.com

10. bsapp.com

11. Bullet Design “Bullet” refers to the projectile(s) which actually exits the barrel of the gun when fired Bullets vary in shape and composition There exist hundreds of different types of bullets Most types are variations on three main shapes & three basic compositions bsapp.com

12. Three Main Shapes bsapp.com

13. Round Nose Maximum penetration Cheapest shape to manufacture Easily loads into chambers bsapp.com

14. Hollow Point Spreads or mushrooms on impact Causes additional damage to target Inhibits penetration bsapp.com

15. Wad Cutter Used exclusively as a practice load Minimizes penetration Rips a hole in target paper which is visible by the shooter bsapp.com

16. Three Basic Compositions of Bullets Lead ½ Jacketed Jacketed (Full metal jacket) bsapp.com

17. Lead CheapDenseSoft Easy to mold bsapp.com

18. ½ Jacketed A lead bullet coated with copper half way up the exposed portion of the bullet Used primarily for hollow points hollow points Copper improves exit velocity exit velocity Lead promotes mushrooming bsapp.com

19. Jacketed A lead bullet completely coated in copper Copper improves exit velocity Used to hold the shape of the bullet in an effort to maximize penetration bsapp.com

20. Caliber of the Cartridge Caliber is a measure the diameter of the cartridge in hundredths of an inch. Common calibers include.22,.25,.357,.38,.44, and.45. Why should the caliber of ammunition match the firearm that shoots it? If they do not match, what could go wrong? Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 17 20

21. What happens to bullets when they are fired? bsapp.com

22. Pull the Trigger and... 1.A pin or hammer strikes the primer. This causes a spark. 2.The powder is then ignited causing an explosion. 3.This explosion starts the bullet down the barrel of the gun bsapp.com

23. Down the Barrel 4.As a bullet travels down the barrel of a gun it is twisted by the lands and grooves of the barrel. bsapp.com

24. Out of the Barrel 5.This rifling causes the bullet to exit the end of the barrel in a spiral motion. bsapp.com

25. Bullet Analysis & Comparison What are some characteristics used to identify & compare bullets? bsapp.com

26. Striations bsapp.com

27. bsapp.com

28. bsapp.com

29. bsapp.com

30. bsapp.com

31. Matching Procedure Fire bullets from a suspected weapon With the aid of a comparison microscope, compare these “test fires” to the suspected bullets Striations must be identical for a positive match bsapp.com

32. Comparison Microscope Two scopes- One Field bsapp.com

33. bsapp.com

34. bsapp.com

35. What happens to a bullet when it hits a target? Most bullets tend to mushroom when they hit a target.Most bullets tend to mushroom when they hit a target. Some bullets nearly disintegrate.Some bullets nearly disintegrate. Left are bullet fragments from a ½ jacketed hollow point.Left are bullet fragments from a ½ jacketed hollow point. bsapp.com

36. Not all bullets mushroom the same. A lot depends on the speed and shape of the bullet, and the characteristics of the target. bsapp.com

37. bsapp.com

38. Some more bullets recovered after firing The striations from the rifling are still visible bsapp.com

39. Gunshot Residues Chemical testing often can detect gun shot residue even if removal is attempted. What does this mean for investigation? Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 17 39

40. Databases Like fingerprints, there is a federal database for firearms used in previous crimes – NIBIN (National Integrated Ballistics Network). Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 17 40