1. Chapter 15
BALLISTICS

2. FIREARMS AND TOOL MARKS
Introduction
Striations, other physical variations and irregularities can match a spent bullet to a specific gun.
Individualizing any physical evidence is always the most desirable but usually possible in ballistics.
FIREARMS AND TOOL MARKS

3. FIREARMS AND TOOL MARKS
Gun Barrel Markings
Barrel’s inner surface has ridges that leave markings on the bullet passing through it.
Each barrel has INDIVIDUAL markings.
Barrels are produced from a solid bar of steel hollowed out by drilling.
Microscopic drill marks left on the barrel’s inner surface are random and irregular.
The markings are unique to each gun (same or different manufacturers).
FIREARMS AND TOOL MARKS

4. FIREARMS AND TOOL MARKS
Gun Barrel Markings
RIFLING: Spiral grooves placed on the inner surface of a gun barrel.
LANDS: The sections of the original barrel (bore) that are left between the grooves.
RIFLING: Spiral grooves provide a more rapid spin on the fired bullet which increases shooting accuracy.
FIREARMS AND TOOL MARKS

5. FIREARMS AND TOOL MARKS
Gun Barrel Markings
CALIBER: the diameter of the gun barrel, measured between opposite lands.
CLASS CHARACTERISTICS:
Once a manufacturer chooses the rifling process, that weapon barrel design will remain consistent, each will have the same number of lands and grooves and with the same approximate width and direction of twist.
FIREARMS AND TOOL MARKS

6. FIREARMS AND TOOL MARKS
Striations
STRIATIONS: fine lines impressed into the metal as the “negatives” of minute imperfections on the rifling cutter’s surface.
Also produced by minute chips of steel pushed against the barrel’s inner surface by a moving breech cutter.
Striations form the INDIVIDUAL characteristics of the barrel.
It is the inner surface of the barrel of a gun that leaves its striation markings on a bullet passing through it.
FIREARMS AND TOOL MARKS

7. FIREARMS AND TOOL MARKS
Bullet Examination
No two gun barrels, even those manufactured in succession, will have identical striation markings.
The number of lands and grooves and their direction of twist are FIRST steps of an comparison between bullet evidence and a known test-fired bullet.
Any differences in these characteristics immediately eliminate the possibility that both bullets traveled through the same barrel.
FIREARMS AND TOOL MARKS

8. The Comparison Microscope
The comparison microscope is the most important tool to a firearms examiner.
Two bullets can be observed and compared simultaneously within the same field of view.
Not only must the lands and grooves of the test and evidence bullet have identical widths, but the longitudinal striations on each
must coincide.
FIREARMS AND TOOL MARKS

9. FIREARMS AND TOOL MARKS
Shotguns
Shotguns have a smooth barrel - NO RIFLING.
Shotguns shells are usually made of plastic and
contain small lead balls or pellets
Gauge: diameter of the shotgun barrel.
Gauge is inversely proportional to the diameter
of the barrel.
Higher the gauge number - the smaller the
barrel’s diameter.
Choke: collar placed at end of shotgun to
control shot dispersion.
FIREARMS AND TOOL MARKS

10. FIREARMS AND TOOL MARKS
Firing a Weapon
Pulling the trigger releases the firing pin which strikes the primer and ignites the gun powder.
Expanding gases generated by the burning gunpowder do TWO things:
1) propel the bullet forward through the barrel
2) push the spent cartridge case/shell back with an equal force against the breechblock.
Cartridge/shell will have impressions left by the firing pin and any loading mechanisms.
FIREARMS AND TOOL MARKS

11. Cartridge Case Comparison
The firing pin can leave marks on spent ammunition.
The shape of the firing pin will be impressed into the primer on the cartridge case.
Ejecting/extracting the cartridge case leaves impressions on the surface of the case.
FIREARMS AND TOOL MARKS

12. Cartridge Case Comparison
Additional distinctive markings on the spent case can be caused by the:
Ejector: throws the spent cartridge or fired shell-case from the firearm.
Extractor: fired case is mechanically removed from the firing chamber.
Magazine or clip: holds multiple bullets and allows for faster loading times.
FIREARMS AND TOOL MARKS

13. FIREARMS AND TOOL MARKS
NIBIN/IBIS
National Integrated Ballistics Information Network, NIBIN – database files from bullets and cartridge casings retrieved from crime scenes or test fires from retrieved firearms.
Combines digital photographs from IBIS with similar data from NIBIN.
NJ has 6 NIBIN stations: One each
in Bergen, Camden, Somerset,
and Union counties. In Essex
County there are two in Newark PD
and Essex County Sherriff’s Office.
FIREARMS AND TOOL MARKS

14. FIREARMS AND TOOL MARKS
Gunpowder Residue
Distance fired is determined by careful comparison of powder-residue pattern located on the victim’s clothing or skin versus patterns made when the suspected weapon is test-fired at varying distances from a target.
Comparison between test and evidence patterns may show enough similarity in shape and density to form an opinion about the firing distance.
FIREARMS AND TOOL MARKS

15. FIREARMS AND TOOL MARKS
Gunshot “LOOK FORS”
1 inch or LESS: a star-shaped (stellate) tear pattern around the bullet hole entrance and a rim deposit of lead vapor.
12-18 inches: Just the halo (smoke) deposited around a bullet hole .
25-36 inches: Scattered specks of unburned and partially burned powder grains without soot/smoke ring.
3 feet or greater: no powder residue and a dark ring around the hole, known as a “bullet wipe”.
FIREARMS AND TOOL MARKS

16. Evidence Collection & Testing
All evidence relevant to a shooting must be collected from the crime scene, surfaces of all items are first examined microscopically for the presence of gunpowder residue.
Chemical tests: Greiss test detect gunpowder residues that are not visible.
The firing distances involving shotguns must again be related to test firing.
The muzzle to target distances can be established by measuring the spread of the discharged shot.
FIREARMS AND TOOL MARKS

17. Primer Residue on Hands
The firing of a weapon not only propels explosive residues toward the target are also “blown back” toward the shooter.
Residues are deposited on the firing hand/clothing of the shooter. A positive gunshot residue test can indicate someone has recently fired a weapon.
FIREARMS AND TOOL MARKS

18. Primer Residue on Hands
Examiners measure the amount of barium and antimony on the suspect’s hands, such as the web of the thumb, back of the hand, and the palm.
Look at morphology of particles containing these elements to determine whether or not a person has fired, handled a weapon, or was near a discharged firearm.
FIREARMS AND TOOL MARKS

19. FIREARMS AND TOOL MARKS
Serial Numbers
Increasingly, the criminalist is requested to restore a serial number when it has been removed or obliterated by grinding, rifling, or punching.
Restoration of serial numbers is possible through chemical etching because the metal crystals in the stamped zone are placed under a permanent strain that extends a short distance beneath the original numbers.
FIREARMS AND TOOL MARKS

20. Firearm Evidence Collection
Firearms are collected by holding the weapon by the edge of the trigger guard or by the checkered portions of the grip.
Before the weapon is sent to the laboratory, all precautions must be taken to prevent accidental discharge of a loaded weapon.
In most cases, it will be necessary to unload the weapon.
When a revolver is recovered, the chambers, their positions, and corresponding cartridges must be recorded.
Firearm evidence must be marked for identification (usually a tag on the trigger guard) and a chain of custody must be established.
FIREARMS AND TOOL MARKS

21. Firearm Evidence Collection
Bullets recovered at the crime scene are scribed with the investigator’s initials, either on the base or the nose of the bullet.
The obliteration of striation markings that may be present on the bullet must be scrupulously avoided.
The investigator must protect the bullet by wrapping it in tissue paper before placing it in a pillbox or an envelope for shipment to the crime laboratory.
Fired casings must be identified by the investigator’s initials placed near the outside or inside mouth of the shell.
Discharged shotgun shells are initialed on the paper or plastic tube remaining on the shell or on the metal nearest the mouth of the shell.
FIREARMS AND TOOL MARKS