1. The Intertestamental Period: From Babylon To The Birth Of Christ
Seleucid – pronounced like cell-loo-sid
Roman Intervention

2. Announcements

3. Intertestamental Period
Week
Date
Topic 1
05 Mar 14
Overview 2
12 Mar 14
Babylonian Period ( BC) 3
19 Mar 14
Persian Period ( BC) 4
26 Mar 14
Greek Period ( BC) 5
02 Apr 14
Ptolemaic ( BC) 6
09 Apr 14
Syrian ( BC) 7
16 Apr 14
Maccabean Part 1 ( BC) 8
23 Apr 14
Maccabean Part 2 ( BC) 9
30 Apr 14
Independence ( BC) 10
07 May 14
Rome Intervenes (63 – 37 BC) 11
14 May 14
Herod (37 BC – 4 BC) 12
21 May 14
The IT Period and Christianity (4 BC – 70 AD) 13
28 May 14
Review
Week 1 - Overview Week 2 - Babylonian Period ( BC) Week 3 - Persian Period ( BC) Week 4 - Greek Period ( BC)              Alexander Week 5 - Ptolemaic ( BC)               Ptolemy and Egypt 320 – 198
Week 6 - Syrian ( )              Seleucid and Syria Week 7 - Maccabean Period Part 2 ( )               Mattathias
Judas the Maccabee              Jonathan Week 8 - Independence ( )
Simon              John Hyrcannaus 134 – 105
   Aristobulus              Alexander Jannaus              Alexander Salome              Hyrcanus II and Aristobulus II Week 10 – Rome Intervenes (63 – 37 BC)
Week 11 – Herod (37-4 BC) Week 12 – Intertestamental period and Christianity (4 BC – 70 AD) Week 13 - Review 3

4. Today’s Objectives Review last week’s lesson
Review the various Jewish politico-religious groups of the time
Learn about Pompey’s role in the Jewish civil war
Learn about the rise and fall of Julius Caesar
Victory over Pompey
Political decrees which impact Judea
Caesar’s murder
Learn how Herod rises from governor of Galilee to a defeated leader living in Rome
Learn about Antony and Octavius 4

5. Reference Material KJV (w/ Apocrypha) Josephus – The Complete Works
1st and 2nd Maccabbees
Josephus – The Complete Works
Herodotus – The History
Intertestamental History – Mark Moore
Ancient Rome – Simon Baker
Harding University – BNEW 112 Course Notes – Dr. Thompson
Intertestamental Period – John Battle

6. Where we left off…. Discussed the sons of Mattathias
Learned about Simon’s leadership and the alliances he renews with Sparta and Rome
Learn how John Hyrcanus’ increased the Israel’s lands
The Pharisees and Sadducees become further divided
Learn about Aristobulus and Jannaeus take over, in succession
Jannaeus’ cruelty leads to further civil war
Roman intervenes in 63 BC 6 6

7. Pharisees Chief rival sect was the Sadducees
Tended to be middle class and open to religious innovation
Use of oral legal tradition to supplement the Torah
Their interpretations, once given, were scrupulously adhered to
Emphasis on divine providence (Essene)
Eventually adopted a belief in existence of spirits and angels, the resurrection, and the coming of a Messiah
However, Pharisees appear as Jesus' most vocal critics

8. Sadducees
Originated mainly from the conservative and aristocratic priestly class
Main rival to the Pharisee
Acceptance only of the Law and rejection of oral tradition
Denial of bodily resurrection; immortality of the soul; existence of a spirit world (Mark 12:18; Luke 20:27; Acts 23:8)
They opposed the early church (Acts 4:1-4)
Cease to exist after the temple is destroyed in 70 AD

9. Essenes Strict discipline, isolation from others
Bible never mentions the Essenes
Credited with writing the Dead Sea Scrolls
Characteristics
Did not own any private property; shared possessions
They avoided any show of luxury, very simple meals
They wore simple clothes until they hung in shreds
Careful observance of the laws of Moses
Established membership rituals – lasted several years
Believed that the souls of men were immortal
Avoided taking part in the services of the Temple Similar to early Christians

10. Zealots Fanatical Jewish sect militantly opposed the Roman occupation
Most fervent Jewish nationalists called themselves "Zealots"
Devoted supporters of the Lord and His laws and who were ready to fight for them
Like the Pharisees, devoted to the Jewish law and religion
Unlike most Pharisees, they thought it was treason against God to pay tribute to the Roman emperor, since God alone was Israel's king
Zealots eventually degenerated into a group of assassins known as Sicarii (Latin, daggermen)
Their increasing fanaticism was one factor that provoked the Roman-Jewish war
The Zealots took control of Jerusalem in 66 AD, led to the siege of Jerusalem and its fall in 70 AD. The last stronghold of the Zealots, the fortress of Masada, fell to the Romans in 73 AD

11. Roman Rule 63 BC – through NT times
Fourth kingdom predicted by Daniel (Ch 7)
Different from all the other kingdoms
Will devour the whole earth
Ten horns are ten kings who will come from this kingdom
After them another king will arise
He will subdue three kings
He will speak against the Most High and oppress his saints
Try to change the set times and the laws
The saints will be handed over to him for a time, times and half a time
Daniel 7
Daniel's Dream of Four Beasts
 1 In the first year of Belshazzar king of Babylon, Daniel had a dream, and visions passed through his mind as he was lying on his bed. He wrote down the substance of his dream.  2 Daniel said: "In my vision at night I looked, and there before me were the four winds of heaven churning up the great sea. 3 Four great beasts, each different from the others, came up out of the sea.
 4 "The first was like a lion, and it had the wings of an eagle. I watched until its wings were torn off and it was lifted from the ground so that it stood on two feet like a man, and the heart of a man was given to it.
 5 "And there before me was a second beast, which looked like a bear. It was raised up on one of its sides, and it had three ribs in its mouth between its teeth. It was told, 'Get up and eat your fill of flesh!'
 6 "After that, I looked, and there before me was another beast, one that looked like a leopard. And on its back it had four wings like those of a bird. This beast had four heads, and it was given authority to rule.
 7 "After that, in my vision at night I looked, and there before me was a fourth beast—terrifying and frightening and very powerful. It had large iron teeth; it crushed and devoured its victims and trampled underfoot whatever was left. It was different from all the former beasts, and it had ten horns.
 8 "While I was thinking about the horns, there before me was another horn, a little one, which came up among them; and three of the first horns were uprooted before it. This horn had eyes like the eyes of a man and a mouth that spoke boastfully.
 9 "As I looked,        "thrones were set in place,        and the Ancient of Days took his seat.        His clothing was as white as snow;        the hair of his head was white like wool.        His throne was flaming with fire,        and its wheels were all ablaze.
 10 A river of fire was flowing,        coming out from before him.        Thousands upon thousands attended him;        ten thousand times ten thousand stood before him.        The court was seated,        and the books were opened.
 11 "Then I continued to watch because of the boastful words the horn was speaking. I kept looking until the beast was slain and its body destroyed and thrown into the blazing fire. 12 (The other beasts had been stripped of their authority, but were allowed to live for a period of time.)
 13 "In my vision at night I looked, and there before me was one like a son of man, coming with the clouds of heaven. He approached the Ancient of Days and was led into his presence. 14 He was given authority, glory and sovereign power; all peoples, nations and men of every language worshiped him. His dominion is an everlasting dominion that will not pass away, and his kingdom is one that will never be destroyed.
The Interpretation of the Dream
 15 "I, Daniel, was troubled in spirit, and the visions that passed through my mind disturbed me. 16 I approached one of those standing there and asked him the true meaning of all this.       "So he told me and gave me the interpretation of these things: 17 'The four great beasts are four kingdoms that will rise from the earth. 18 But the saints of the Most High will receive the kingdom and will possess it forever—yes, for ever and ever.'  19 "Then I wanted to know the true meaning of the fourth beast, which was different from all the others and most terrifying, with its iron teeth and bronze claws—the beast that crushed and devoured its victims and trampled underfoot whatever was left. 20 I also wanted to know about the ten horns on its head and about the other horn that came up, before which three of them fell—the horn that looked more imposing than the others and that had eyes and a mouth that spoke boastfully. 21 As I watched, this horn was waging war against the saints and defeating them, 22 until the Ancient of Days came and pronounced judgment in favor of the saints of the Most High, and the time came when they possessed the kingdom.
 23 "He gave me this explanation: 'The fourth beast is a fourth kingdom that will appear on earth. It will be different from all the other kingdoms and will devour the whole earth, trampling it down and crushing it. 24 The ten horns are ten kings who will come from this kingdom. After them another king will arise, different from the earlier ones; he will subdue three kings. 25 He will speak against the Most High and oppress his saints and try to change the set times and the laws. The saints will be handed over to him for a time, times and half a time. [a]
 26 " 'But the court will sit, and his power will be taken away and completely destroyed forever. 27 Then the sovereignty, power and greatness of the kingdoms under the whole heaven will be handed over to the saints, the people of the Most High. His kingdom will be an everlasting kingdom, and all rulers will worship and obey him.'
 28 "This is the end of the matter. I, Daniel, was deeply troubled by my thoughts, and my face turned pale, but I kept the matter to myself."
Footnotes:
Daniel 7:25 Or for a year, two years and half a year

13. Roman Intervention Civil war continues for several months
News of fighting reaches the Roman general Pompey, who is campaigning in the East
Pompey had become a very popular field commander
Very successful campaign against pirates in the Mediterranean Sea in 67 BC
Caesar supports Pompey’s actions
Pompey moves south to “arbitrate” in Judah
Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus

14. Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus
BC, called Pompey the Great
Fought with the Optimates, a conservative and aristocratic faction of the Roman Senate
Initially a friend, he is later defeated by Caesar
Sought refuge in Egypt, where he was assassinated in 48 BC
Defeated Spartacus in 71 BC
Took command of the Third Mithridatic War in modern day Turkey
Travels to Judea in 63 BC and seizes the opportunity to control the region

15. Pompey –The Conquest
News of the civil war between Hyrcanus II and Aristobulus II reaches Pompey
Dispatches an ambassador, orders fight to stop
It does not, Pompey marches south
Pompey determines Hyrcanus is a more politically profitable candidate
Forces Aristobulus II to surrender
Ultimately besieges Aristobulus II for three months in Jerusalum – 12,000 Jews killed
Pompey does not disrupt the Jewish worship or religious practices
The Psalms of Solomon (written around 50 BC) denounced Pompey (2:29-33).
29 Delay not, O God, to recompense them on their heads, To turn the pride of the dragon into dishonour. 30 And I had not long to wait before God showed me the insolent one Slain on the mountains of Egypt, Esteemed of less account than the least on land and sea; 31 His body, too, borne hither and thither on the billows with much insolence, With none to bury him, because He had rejected him with dishonour. He reflected not that he was man. 32 And reflected not on the latter end; 33 He said: I will be lord of land and sea; And he recognized not that it is God who is great, Mighty in His great strength.
Politically, the Psalms of Solomon are anti-Maccabee, and some psalms in the collection show a clear awareness of the Roman conquest of Jerusalem under Pompey in 63 BC, metaphorically treating him as a dragon who had been sent by God to punish the Maccabees. Some of the psalms are messianic, in the Jewish sense (clearly referring to a mortal that happens to be divinely assisted, much like Moses), but the majority are concerned less with the world at large, and more with individual behaviour, expressing a belief that repentance for unintended sins will return them to God's favour.
There have been attempts to link the text both to the Essenes of Qumran, who separated themselves from what they saw as a wicked world, and alternately to the Pharisees in opposition to the Sadducees who generally supported the Maccabees. (Wiki)

17. Results Pompey incorporates Palestine into the Roman province of Syria
Read Matt 4:24
Hyrcanus II becomes political leader and high priest from BC
Samaria gains semi-autonomy, Galilee remains under Jewish control
Antipater II becomes district administrator
A native of Idumaea
Founder of the Herodian Dynasty
Father of Herod the Great
Hyrcanus II - Hyrcanus was the eldest son of Alexander Jannaeus, King and High Priest, and Alexandra Salome. After the death of Alexander in 76 BC, his widow succeeded to the rule of Judea and installed her elder son Hyrcanus as High Priest. When Salome died in 67 BC, she named Hyrcanus as successor to the Kingship as well. Hyrcanus was already High Priest but also shared his mothers religious views, sympathetic to the Pharisees. In contrast to this, Alexander Jannaeus had supported the Saducees. Hyrcanus had scarcely reigned three months when his younger brother Aristobulus II, who agreed with his father's Sadducean stance, rose in rebellion. Hyrcanus advanced against him at the head of his mercenaries and his followers. The brothers met in battle near Jericho and many of Hyrcanus' soldiers went over to Aristobulus II, and thereby gave the latter the victory. Hyrcanus took refuge in the citadel of Jerusalem; but the capture of the Temple by Aristobulus II compelled Hyrcanus to surrender. A peace was then concluded, according to the terms of which Hyrcanus was to renounce the throne and the office of high priest, but was to enjoy the revenues of the latter office. Hyrcanus was restored to his position as High Priest but not to the Kingship. Political authority rested with the Romans whose interests were represented by Antipater, who primarily promoted the interests of his own house. In 47 BCE, Julius Caesar restored some political authority to Hyrcanus by appointing him ethnarch. This however had little practical effect, since Hyrcanus yielded to Antipater in everything.

18. Julius Caesar Born in 100 BC
Family caught up in a complex political war in Rome
Obtained a Senate seat in 68 BC (at 32)
Elected Chief Priest in 63 BC
Nine year Proconsul of Gaul and conquered much of central Europe – becomes a hero
Ruled Rome from BC with Crassus (rich Roman), Pompey (war hero) – called a Triumvirate
Crassus dies, Pompey becomes rival

19. Caesar versus Pompey Senators are concerned about Caesar’s popularity
Orders him to disband army and return
Refuses, but returns with his Army (49 BC)
Civil war ensures – Caesar against Pompey
Defeats Pompey in Greece (48-47 BC)
Returns to Rome (46 BC)
Senate appoints him dictator for 10 years (44 BC) – he has absolute power
Anitpater II and Hyrcanus II gave valuable aid to Caesar by sending relief

20. Caesar’s Political Decrees
Grants citizenship to people in provinces outside Rome
Expands the Senate to 900, making it more representative of the empire
Landowners must use 1/3 free men for workers
Expands the Roman provinces through conquest
Sets up a public works program for jobs
However, he is killed in 44 BC the same year begins his rule

21. Second Triumvirate Formed to avenge Caesar’s death (43 BC)
Ruled for 10 years
Octavian, grand nephew of Caesar
Marc Antony, military general
Lepidus, powerful politician
Later disbanded, creating another civil war
Octavian became the sole ruler (emperor) of Rome

22. Antipater II, Phasael and Herod
In gratitude, Caesar appointed Antipater II as the administrator of Judea (47 BC)
Under Cassius
Adds territories to Judea taken from Pompey
Antipater II appoints his two sons to posts
Phasael is made governor of Jerusalem
Herod is made governor of Galilee
After Caesar is murdered (44 BC), Cassius seizes control of Judea
Antipater II is murdered (43 BC)
Phasael and Harod become joint rulers of Judea (42 BC)

23. Marc Antony and Octavian
Octavian was Caesar’s nephew
Antony and Octavian defeat Cassius and Brutus in the battle of Philippi (42 BC)
Philippi becomes a Roman colony, making them Roman citizens (Acts 16:12)
Phasael and Herod switch allegiance to Antony, who confirms their position
Parthians invade Palestine
40 BC
Capture and imprison Hyrcanus II and Phasael
Herod escapes, eventually to Rome

24. Herod’s Rise
In Rome, Herod makes a favorable impression on Octavian and Antony
Senate appoints him “king of the Jews”
40 BC
Added parts of Samaria and Idumea to his kingdom
Only “theoretical” at this time because it was controlled by the Parthians
Herod then sets out to retake his kingdom
Jerusalem falls in 37 BC
More on that story next week
Luke 19:11-12 Parable of the Ten Minas: 11While they were listening to this, he went on to tell them a parable, because he was near Jerusalem and the people thought that the kingdom of God was going to appear at once. 12He said: "A man of noble birth went to a distant country to have himself appointed king and then to return.

26. Review Reviewed last week’s lesson
Reviewed the various Jewish politico-religious groups of the time
Learned about Pompey’s role in the Jewish civil war
Learned about the rise and fall of Julius Caesar
Victory over Pompey
Political decrees which impact Judea
Caesar’s murder
Learned how Herod rises from governor of Galilee to a defeated leader living in Rome
Learned about Antony and Octavius 26