1. Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc. Slide 1 Chapter 5 Vitamins

2. Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc. Slide 2 Key Concept Vitamins are noncaloric essential nutrients that are necessary in very small amounts for specific metabolic control and disease prevention. Certain heath problems are related to in adequate or excessive vitamins intake. vitamins regulate body metabolism

3. Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc. Slide 3 Vitamins Nature of vitamins  Discovery 1900 Early observations Early animal experiments (Cont'd…)

4. Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc. Slide 4 Definition It is a vital, organic, dietary substances that is not carbohydrates or fats or proteins or minerals and it is necessary in only small amounts to perform metabolic functions or to prevent the diseases. The body can not synthesized, therefore it must be supplied by the diet.

5. Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc. Slide 5 Classes of vitamins 1- Fat-soluble vitamins: A, D, E, K 2- Water-soluble vitamins: C, B

6. Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc. Slide 6 Functions of vitamins 1- Metabolic control agent 2- Tissue structure 3- Prevention of deficiency diseases

7. Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc. Slide 7 Key Concepts Certain health problems are related to inadequate or excessive vitamin intake. Vitamins occur in a wide variety of foods that are packaged with the energy- and tissue- building macronutrients (e.g., carbohydrate, fat, and protein) on which vitamins work as specific catalysts to regulate body metabolism.

8. Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc. Slide 8 Fat-Soluble Vitamins Vitamin A (Retinol) Functions  Vision  Tissue strength and immunity  Growth Requirements  Food forms and units of measure  Body storage Toxicity symptoms

9. Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc. Slide 9 Vitamin A (Retinol) Deficiency disease: BLINDNESS, itching and red lids, …

10. Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc. Slide 10 Vitamin A (Retinol) Food sources: fish-liver oil, livers, Spanish, carrot, mango, apricots

11. Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc. Slide 11 Vitamin A (Retinol) Stability: Retinol is unstable in heat and in contact with air.

12. Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc. Slide 12 Vitamin D (Cholecalciferol) Functions  Absorption of calcium and phosphorus  Bone mineralization Requirements Toxicity symptoms Stability

13. Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc. Slide 13 Vitamin D (Cholecalciferol) Deficiency disease: * rickets : malformation of skeletal tissues. * osteoporosis

14. Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc. Slide 14 Vitamin D (Cholecalciferol) Food sources: Yeast“الخميرة “, fish-liver oil

15. Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc. Slide 15 Vitamin D (Cholecalciferol) Stability: Retinol is stable in heat and in contact with air.

16. Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc. Slide 16 Vitamin E (Tocopherol) Functions  Antioxidant function  Relation to metabolism Requirements Toxicity symptoms Stability

17. Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc. Slide 17 Vitamin E (Tocopherol) Deficiency disease: Hemolytic anemia in children Myelin disruption “ nerve in active”

18. Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc. Slide 18 Vitamin E (Tocopherol) Food sources: Oils and nuts …

19. Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc. Slide 19 Vitamin K Functions  Blood clotting  Bone development Requirements Toxicity symptoms Food sources Stability

20. Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc. Slide 20 Vitamin K Deficiency disease: Hemorrhage Poor wound healing Infections

21. Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc. Slide 21 Vitamin K Food sources: Leafy vegetables Animals liver Corn oil

22. Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc. Slide 22 Water-Soluble Vitamins B & C Certain health problems are related to inadequate or excessive vitamin intake. Vitamins occur in a wide variety of foods that are packaged with the energy- and tissue- building macronutrients (e.g., carbohydrate, fat, and protein) on which vitamins work as specific catalysts to regulate body metabolism.

23. Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc. Slide 23 Water-Soluble Vitamins Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid) Functions  Connective tissue  General body metabolism  Antioxidant function  Immunologic activity Requirements Deficiency disease Toxicity symptoms Food sources Stability

24. Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc. Slide 24 Deficiency disease Tissue bleeding. Easy bone fractures Boor wounds healing Bleeding gums Loosen teeth

25. Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc. Slide 25 Food sources Citrus fruits like lime, orange Tomatoes. Cabbage. Leafy vegetables

26. Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc. Slide 26 Vitamin C Stability: Vitamin C is unstable in heat and in contact with air.

27. Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc. Slide 27 Vitamin B 1” thiamin” Functions  Gastrointestinal system: Poor appetite, indigestion, constipation  Nervous system Fatigue, irritability, low energy  Cardiovascular system Low muscle functions, fluid accumulations Deficiency disease Toxicity symptoms Food sources Stability

28. Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc. Slide 28 Deficiency disease Loss of energy control: paralysis Mental alertness and coordination diseases

29. Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc. Slide 29 Food sources Beef Livers. Grains Fish Eggs

30. Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc. Slide 30 Riboflavin (Vitamin B 2 ) Functions Tissue building, energy production Deficiency disease Toxicity symptoms Food sources Stability

31. Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc. Slide 31 Deficiency disease B2 SWOLLEN red tongue Eye burning Itching Poor wounds healing

32. Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc. Slide 32 Food sources B2 Milk Grains Fish Liver

33. Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc. Slide 33 Folate Functions: folic acid < hemoglobin Requirements: extra during pregnancy Deficiency disease : anemia Food sources: liver, leafy vegetables

34. Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc. Slide 34 Cobalamin (Vitamin B 12 ) Functions: normal blood cell formation, nervous system functions Requirements: extra during old ages Deficiency disease: anemia, lazy, sore mouth Food sources: beef & chicken liver.. B12 synthesized by bacteria in GI system

35. Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc. Slide 35 Note Vitamin supplementation needs are individual and specific.

36. Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc. Slide 36 Vitamin Supplementation Supplement and health maintenance Individuality is important  Life cycle needs Pregnancy and lactation Infancy Children and adolescents Aging (Cont'd…)

37. Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc. Slide 37 Vitamin Supplementation (…Cont’d)  Lifestyle Oral contraceptive use Restricted diets Exercise programs Smoking Alcohol Caffeine  Disease (Cont'd…)