1. D8DISCOVER-for-Material-Research.1: Dr. H. R. Reß © 1999 BRUKER AXS All Rights Reserved D8 DISCOVER for Material Research

2. D8DISCOVER-for-Material-Research.2: Dr. H. R. Reß © 1999 BRUKER AXS All Rights Reserved D8 DISCOVER - New Developments D8 the modular diffractometer D8 the fast diffractometer D8 & the reciprocal space D8 the learning diffractometer D8 the Internet diffractometer

3. D8DISCOVER-for-Material-Research.3: Dr. H. R. Reß © 1999 BRUKER AXS All Rights Reserved high accessibility and visibility of the experiment with maximum safety –ergonomic workbench –foldable lead glass doors –optimal usage of space by octagonal base separate cooling water circuit with advanced control mechanisms D8 DISCOVER - freedom without Limits

4. D8DISCOVER-for-Material-Research.4: Dr. H. R. Reß © 1999 BRUKER AXS All Rights Reserved Everything revolves around the sample - D8 DISCOVER and our Eulerian Cradle  -rotation  -rotation D8 DISOVER: 7 motorised degrees of freedom X-translation Z-translation

5. D8DISCOVER-for-Material-Research.5: Dr. H. R. Reß © 1999 BRUKER AXS All Rights Reserved The diffractometer supports up to 18 independent, physical axes All physical axes of the diffractometer can be used for adjustment and measurement –all axis are scanable Virtual axes are defined by the software and used in the same way as physical axes –mapping in real and reciprocal space negligible positioning time (<60ms) with stepping motors and optical encoders (5000 lines) –fast independent movement of any combination of axes in one scan (virtual axis) D8 DISCOVER Keeps You Moving

6. D8DISCOVER-for-Material-Research.6: Dr. H. R. Reß © 1999 BRUKER AXS All Rights Reserved Combination of X-ray scattering methods

7. D8DISCOVER-for-Material-Research.7: Dr. H. R. Reß © 1999 BRUKER AXS All Rights Reserved UBC - our Universal Beam Concept for the D8 DISCOVER UBC X-ray source: X-ray tube and Göbel Mirror UBC Modules for the incident beam UBC Modules for the diffracted beam the D8 DISCOVER and the UBC offer a fitting solution for all applications the D8 DISCOVER and the UBC can be designed around the sample the D8 DISCOVER and the UBC are as individualistic as the samples What are the components of the UBC? What are the benefits of the UBC?

8. D8DISCOVER-for-Material-Research.8: Dr. H. R. Reß © 1999 BRUKER AXS All Rights Reserved D8 DISCOVER - accept no Limits fast and reproducible exchange of components optimum positioning of the components on high precision dove tail tracks - no fixed positions

9. D8DISCOVER-for-Material-Research.9: Dr. H. R. Reß © 1999 BRUKER AXS All Rights Reserved The UBC X-ray source: X-ray tube and Göbel mirror Göbel Mirror X-ray Tube 0.7 -1.0mm wide parallel beam Göbel mirrors for Cr-, Co-, or Cu-radiation, 40mm or 60mm length next generation Göbel Mirrors prepared on prefigured substrates single mirrors for line and spot focus applications cross coupled mirror for spot focus applications

10. D8DISCOVER-for-Material-Research.10: Dr. H. R. Reß © 1999 BRUKER AXS All Rights Reserved 3” or 5” vacuum chuck for a precise, secure and reproducible sample fixing Unique Knife Edge Collimator (KEC) for Reflectometry with the 1/4- circle Eulerian cradle D8 DISCOVER for Diffraction and Reflectometry

11. D8DISCOVER-for-Material-Research.11: Dr. H. R. Reß © 1999 BRUKER AXS All Rights Reserved goal: highest dynamical range, 9 orders of magnitude in intensity red: experiment blue: simulation D8 DISCOVER for Reflectometry

12. D8DISCOVER-for-Material-Research.12: Dr. H. R. Reß © 1999 BRUKER AXS All Rights Reserved UBC Modules: incident beam

13. D8DISCOVER-for-Material-Research.13: Dr. H. R. Reß © 1999 BRUKER AXS All Rights Reserved UBC Modules: Beam Compressor V-groove Germanium crystal with asymmetrical Ge 022 reflection optimised for Göbel mirrors narrow (<0.2mm) beam with moderate divergence and high intensity (high brilliance) for investigations with very small incident angles

14. D8DISCOVER-for-Material-Research.14: Dr. H. R. Reß © 1999 BRUKER AXS All Rights Reserved GID with smallest incident angles reflectometry with increased resolution and high intensity UBC Modules: Beam Compressor

15. D8DISCOVER-for-Material-Research.15: Dr. H. R. Reß © 1999 BRUKER AXS All Rights Reserved UBC Modules: Beam Expander V-groove Germanium crystal with asymmetrical Ge 022 reflection optimised for Göbel mirrors wide (>5mm) beam with low divergence and high intensity for powder diffraction with high angular resolution requirements, parallel beam conditions and a wide illuminated area on the surface of the sample

16. D8DISCOVER-for-Material-Research.16: Dr. H. R. Reß © 1999 BRUKER AXS All Rights Reserved high resolution in powder diffraction K  1 separation UBC Modules: Beam Expander

17. D8DISCOVER-for-Material-Research.17: Dr. H. R. Reß © 1999 BRUKER AXS All Rights Reserved UBC Modules: diffracted beam

18. D8DISCOVER-for-Material-Research.18: Dr. H. R. Reß © 1999 BRUKER AXS All Rights Reserved diffracted beam Göbel mirror for parallel beam conditions very high reflectivity and good angular resolution resolution between analyser and Soller slits –reciprocal space maps of relaxed epitaxial layer structures UBC Modules: diffracted beam

19. D8DISCOVER-for-Material-Research.19: Dr. H. R. Reß © 1999 BRUKER AXS All Rights Reserved high intensity powder diffraction reflectometry diffuse scattering high intensity reciprocal space mapping Twin Göbel Mirrors for parallel beam conditions

20. D8DISCOVER-for-Material-Research.20: Dr. H. R. Reß © 1999 BRUKER AXS All Rights Reserved Twin Göbel Mirrors for parallel beam conditions steel sample with copper radiation High intensity powder diffraction Improved CuK ß suppression with Twin Göbel Mirror arrangement

21. D8DISCOVER-for-Material-Research.21: Dr. H. R. Reß © 1999 BRUKER AXS All Rights Reserved D8 DISCOVER the Internet diffractometer The D8 DISCOVER is accessed over the Internet. Every kind of measurement can be started watched and stopped using a Internet connection.

22. D8DISCOVER-for-Material-Research.22: Dr. H. R. Reß © 1999 BRUKER AXS All Rights Reserved D8 Measurements from all over the world

23. D8DISCOVER-for-Material-Research.23: Dr. H. R. Reß © 1999 BRUKER AXS All Rights Reserved And where is the reciprocal space?

24. D8DISCOVER-for-Material-Research.24: Dr. H. R. Reß © 1999 BRUKER AXS All Rights Reserved D8 DISCOVER & the reciprocal space The spots of the reciprocal space represent the allowed reflections - the Bragg equation is fulfilled Eulerian cradle angles phi and chi define a cut through reciprocal space the intensity distribution can be obtained by scans in  and/or 2 

25. D8DISCOVER-for-Material-Research.25: Dr. H. R. Reß © 1999 BRUKER AXS All Rights Reserved D8 DISCOVER & the reciprocal space HR EDIT with a graphical user interface for reciprocal space support of the user by a general and a zoom view of reciprocal space reciprocal lattice of substrate and epitaxial layer can be displayed relaxed and strained heterostructures

26. D8DISCOVER-for-Material-Research.26: Dr. H. R. Reß © 1999 BRUKER AXS All Rights Reserved HR Edit Reciprocal Space Scans support of scans in q x, q z and arbitrary directions in reciprocal space –fast characterization of heterostructures by selected scans; i.e. crystal truncation rod, relaxation line.... scans can be created, edited and deleted by graphical or dialog based input

27. D8DISCOVER-for-Material-Research.27: Dr. H. R. Reß © 1999 BRUKER AXS All Rights Reserved hkl, q and Q reciprocal lattice units are supported sections of reciprocal space can be defined optional in angels or in reciprocal lattice units –reduction of measurement time all physical and virtual axis can be nested in 3 loops layers –e.g. reciprocal space maps at different (x,y) positions of inhomogeneous or structured samples HR Edit Real and Reciprocal Space Maps

28. D8DISCOVER-for-Material-Research.28: Dr. H. R. Reß © 1999 BRUKER AXS All Rights Reserved All new components of Diffrac plus support automation by a simple script language The script language offers a direct interface to all components of the diffractometer – supplied scripts for sample adjustment – integration of new measurement concepts by the user Set of functions for determination of peak maximum and interpolation – individually suitable and extendable strategies by use of the powerful script language Intelligent alignment and measurement strategies that can be taught by the user experience Automation of routine measurement Diffrac plus with Script Language

29. D8DISCOVER-for-Material-Research.29: Dr. H. R. Reß © 1999 BRUKER AXS All Rights Reserved HRXRD Evaluation of measurements Simple evaluation of thickness, composition and mismatch of epitaxial layers –starting point for simulation Advanced interpretation of the scattering profile by simulation –one of two commercial programs performing correct calculations for thin layers (Grundmann[1], Zaus[2]) [1] M. Grundmann, subm. PRL (1999) [2] R. Zaus, J. Appl. Cryst. 26, 801 (1993)

30. D8DISCOVER-for-Material-Research.30: Dr. H. R. Reß © 1999 BRUKER AXS All Rights Reserved General Area Detector Diffraction Solution 2-D position sensitive detector Collects data from the entire Debye ring without moving True Photon counter 200 micron spatial resolution Variable detector distances 50 - 300 mm for resolution or intensity D8 DISCOVER with GADDS: in Fact a Member of the D8 Family