1. LEPTOSPIRA INTERROGANS
YASHWANT KUMAR DILLI BABU
GROUP-8

2. Leptospira (spiral bacteria)
Microbes

3. TAXONOMY Classification
Phylum: Spirochaetes
Class: Spirochaetes
Order: Spirochaetales
Species: Leptospira
Family: Leptospiraceae

4. Tightly Coiled SpirocheteAF
OS = outer sheath
AF = axial fibrils
Leptospira interrogans

5. PHYSIOLOGY AND STRUCTURE
Thin, coiled spirochetes (.1 ×6 to 20 µm)that grow slowly in culture.
Temperature(28˚C to 30˚C)
Gram-negative spirochetes
Obligate aerobes and Characteristic hooked ends .
Pathogenic strains: Leptospira interrogans.
Non pathogenic strains: Leptospira biflexa.

6. A microscopic view of LeptospiraI bacteria stained apple green with a fluorescent dye (from the CDC’s Public Health Image Library)

7. EPIDERMIOLOGY Mainly a zoonotic disease
Transmitted to humans from a variety of wild and domesticated animal hosts
Most common reservoirs rodents (rats), dogs, farm
animals and wild animals
Organism can penetrate the skin through minor breaks in the epidermis or with intact mucus membranes
Indirect contact (soil, water, feed) with infected urine from an animal with leptospiruria
Occupational disease of animal handling and more common during warm months

8. VIRULENCE FACTOR
Direct invasion and replication in tissues (i.e.) virulence unknown.
Immune complex produces renal disease.

9. CLINICAL DISEASES Mild virus-like syndrome
(Anicteric leptospirosis) Systemic with aseptic meningitis
(Icteric leptospirosis) Overwhelming disease
(Weil’s disease)
Vascular collapse
Thrombocytopenia
Hemorrhage
Hepatic and renal dysfunction
NOTE: Icteric refers to jaundice (yellowing of skin and mucus membranes by deposition of bile) and liver involvement

10. PATHOGENESIS OF LEPTOSPIROSIS
Leptospirosis, also called Weil’s disease in humans
Its directly invaded and replicated in tissues
Characterized by an acute febrile jaundice and glumerulonephritis
Incubation period usually days with flu-like illness usually progressing through two clinical stages:
Leptospiremia develops rapidly after infection (usually lasts about 7 days) without local lesion
Infects the kidneys and organisms are shed in the urine (leptospiruria) with renal failure and death not uncommon
Hepatic injury & meningeal irritation is common

11. MODE OF INFECTION

12. Clinical Progression of Icteric (Weil’s Disease) and Anicteric Leptospirosis
(pigmented part of eye)

13. LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS
Microscopy not useful because too few organism are generally present in fluids or tissues.
Culture blood or CSF in the first 7 to 10 days of illness.
Urine after first week.
Serology using the MAT is relatively sensitive and specific but are not widely available.
ELISA tests are less accurate but can be used to screen patients.

14. Comparison of Diagnostic Tests for Leptospirosis

15. TREATMENT Penicillin (10-14 days) intravenously for severe infections.
Amoxicillin, Erythromycin, & Doxycycline (orally)
Patients with MOF(Multi organ failure) to be observed and treated in intensive care unit.

16. PREVENTION AND CONTROL
Rats should be controlled.
Herds and domestic pets should properly vaccinated.
providing proper protective clothing, shoes, gloves, etc. to high-risk Occupational groups.(farming and cattle industries)
Proper collection, transport, treatment and secured disposal of garbage.(drinking boiled water)
Leptospira species can be inactivated by 1%sodium hypochlorite,70%ethanol,glutaraldehyde,formaldeh yde,detergents and acid.
This organism is sensitive to moist heat (121 ° C for a minimum of 15 min)and is also killed by pasteurization.

17. Thank you !! For Listening

18. Refernces: