1. Mr Sad
Mr Happy
Mr Frightened
Mr Angry

2. Background What does an emotion consist of? A cognition (thought)
A physiological response from the autonomic nervous system.
This latter might involve a surge of adrenalin, an increase in heart rate and blood sugar levels, sweating etc

3. Which is the correct order?
James/Lange Theory
Perception of
emotion-arousing stimulus
(Ghost/wasp)
Emotion
“I’m scared”
Physiological
response

4. Cannon(1920) Physiological response
Perception of emotion arousing stimulus
(Ghost/wasp)
Emotion: “I’m scared”

5. Schachter & Singer (1962) The Cognitive Labelling Theory
Influences degree of emotion
Physiological response
Emotion arousing stimulus
(Ghost/wasp)
Emotion
“I’m scared”
Cognitive interpretation/appraisal of arousal
Influences type of emotion

6. Schachter and Singer Given credit towards exam grades
(University of Minnesota)
Epi. informed
Euphoric
Injection of adrenaline/ epinephrine
184 male psychology students
Epi. misinformed
Stooge
Emotion
Epi. ignorant
But told it was a vitamin, Suproxin.
Angry
Medical records checked
But no epi. mis. condition
Control
(injection of saline solution)
Measured by a) questionnaire b) observation

7. Which group would show the most or any emotion……?
….according to Schachter and Singer’s expectations regarding their cognitive labelling theory. This two factor theory of emotion requires both a ……………..response and a ………….appraisal.
Epinephrine informed?
Epinephrine misinformed?
Epinephrine ignorant?
The control/placebo group?

8. Strengths of the study
Two different ways of measuring the DV; this arguably adds validity.
Statistical analysis was carried out
Pulse taken before injection and after stooge session to see if it had had an effect.
Sample were also asked about palpitations/shaking to check physiological response.
Behaviour observed through one-way mirror therefore avoiding…………?
More than one observer to check for inter-rater reliability.
Large sample size
Medical records checked/debriefing took place.
Standardised procedure, standardised instructions, script for stooges etc
Therefore can easily be replicated

9. Weaknesses of the study
Ethical issues: protection of participants, deception, invasion of privacy
Lack of control: injection on its own may well have caused a physiological response, even in the placebo condition.
Sample may well have been very suspicious (11 sets of data discarded) especially as they were ………..?
Only males in sample
Demand characteristics. Self-report had to be abandoned in the angry condition: subjects did not show anger because of credits given.
Measurement of emotional response not valid: no control over what mood participants were in the first place.
Was measurement of emotion through observation valid? Would introverts necessarily have been happier if they had joined in?
Stooges must have created different responses according to individual personalities and moods.
Lack of consistency. No epinephrine misinformed in the angry condition.
Individual differences in response to adrenalin meant a degree of control was necessarily lost.
Lack of ecological validity