1. REGULATING THE INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT HOW THE BODY’S ORGAN SYSTEMS INTERACT

2. LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION AND HOMEOSTASIS- ORGAN SYSTEMS Cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems maintain relatively stable internal environments, even in the face of changing external environments.

4. HOMEOSTASIS AND ORGAN SYSTEMS Biology functions on many different levels; atoms, cells, organs. Each level, from smallest to largest, depends on one another to constitute this condition we call LIFE. You are alive because every level of your organization is working together and operating properly within the boundaries we call… HOMEOSTASIS

5. LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION T J

6. TISSUES

7. HOMEOSTASIS- WHAT DOES YOUR BODY NEED TO KEEP IN BALANCE??? WHAT SUBSTANCES AND ORGAN SYSTEMS ARE INVOLVED??? SUBSTANCEENTRANCE INTO BODY DELIVERY TO CELLS REMOVAL FROM CELLS REMOVAL FROM BODY OXYGENRESPIRATORY SYSTEM CIRCULATORY SYSTEM CARBON DIOXIDE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM RESPIRATORY SYSTEM WATERDIGESTIVE SYSTEM CIRCULATORY SYSTEM URINARY SYSTEM SALTSDIGESTIVE SYSTEM CIRCULATORY SYSTEM URINARY SYSTEM CELL WASTECIRCULATORY SYSTEM URINARY SYSTEM SUGAR, FOODDIGESTIVE SYSTEM CIRCULATORY SYSTEM EXCRETORY SYSTEM HEATSKINCIRCULATORY SYSTEM SKIN

8. THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM The circulatory system act as the transport system of the body. It makes exchanges with other systems to maintain homeostasis –Urinary System- Liquid waste out, filters blood Filters out Na, K, N, Urea & some water –Respiratory system- O2 in & CO2 out –Digestive System- Solid waste out, sugar in –Integumentary System- Heat

9. The Circulatory System Arteries- thick walled tubes carry blood FROM the heart to the body and the lungs Veins- Thin walled tubes carry blood TO the heart from the body and the lungs Capillaries- small tubes that connect arteries and veins –Thin walls allow for material exchange between blood and cells Blood- fluid consisting of three types of cells –Red blood cells- carry oxygen –White blood cells- fight infections and kill bacteria –Platelettes- help in forming blood clots

10. The Circulatory System: Pathway of Blood Through Body and Heart FROM BODY A- vena cava RIGHT ATRIUM RIGHT VENTRICLE B- pulmonary artery LUNGS- CO2 OUT LUNGS- O2 IN C- pulmonary vein LEFT ATRIUM LEFT VENTRICLE D- aorta E- artery TO BODY LIVER- CONTROLS BLOOD SUGAR F- renal artery KIDNEY- FILTERS BLOOD G- renal vein H JK I A B C D E G F

11. Circulatory System

12. The Urinary System Where blood goes to get filtered Kidney- main unit of the Urinary System Ureter- where liquid waste leaves kidney Bladder- liquid waste stored Urethra- liquid waste exits body Blood enters the kidney through the renal artery Nephron- functional unit of the kidney

13. The Urinary System- Kidney & Nephron Pathway of Waste- –Capsule- Adjacent to Glomerulus –Proximal Tubule –Distal Tubule –Collecting Duct –Ureter –Bladder –Urethra Pathway of blood- –Renal artery –Arteriole –Glomerulus- where materials are first exchanged –Ateriole –Capillary network –Veinule –Renal Vein

14. Urinary System

15. URINARY SYSTEM WHERE ARE THE NEPHRONS?

16. The Digestive System Liver works with circulatory and endocrine systems to control the levels of glucose (sugar) in the blood- –Pancreas secretes insulin if blood glucose gets too high –Adrenal gland secretes epinephrine if blood glucose gets too low Gets rid of solid waste

17. The Respiratory System Part of Gas Exchange System with the Circulatory System Oxygen inhaled through nasal passage (nose) Goes through Pharynx->Larynx->Trachea Enters Lungs through Bronchus & Bronchial Tree ALVEOLI- Functional Unit of the Lungs –Sacs- Smallest branches of the Bronchi –Where gas exchange occurs Oxygen enters the Alveoli and passes into the capillaries Carbon Dioxide leaves the capillaries, goes through the alveoli, and passes out until its exhaled

18. The Respiratory System

19. The Integumentary System The Skin- largest organ Contains all Four Types of Tissues –Epithelial –Connective –Muscular –Nervous Acts as a barrier Helps maintain body temperature –Shivering –Goose bumps –Sweating –Blood vessels constricting & dialating

20. CHAPTER 5: MAINTAINING BALANCE IN ORGANISMS Types of Homeostatic Interactions –Chemical- Like Diffusion or Osmosis –Behavioral- Feeling Thirsty or Tired –Physiological- Kidney or Heart Functions The Body Responds to the External Environment by Adjusting Conditions in the Internal Environment

21. The Nervous System The nervous system coordinates involuntary (shivering) and voluntary (running) responses of the body. –Neural and Glial Cells- The two major cells of the nervous system. Neurons- Send nerve impulses Glial Cells- Insulate Neurons –Hypothalamus- regulates physiological processes including actions of the endocrine system

22. The Endocrine System The endocrine system is made up of glands that produce and send chemical messengers directly into the blood. Hormones- Chemical Messengers from the Endocrine System. Major Hormones & Glands –Pituitary Gland- Controls other Glands –Adrenal Gland- Adrenaline- Flight & Fight Epinephrine- raises blood sugar –Thyroid Gland- Thyroxine- Metabolism and cellular respiration –Pancreas- Insulin- Decreases Blood Sugar –Testes & Ovaries- Sexual Hormones

23. Skeletal & Muscular Systems Skeletal System- –Provides Structues –Protects Internal Structures –Provides Attachments for Muscles for Body Movements Muscular System- –Provides Movement –Provides Warmth- shivering and contraction –Heart is a Muscle –Internal Organs move with the help of muscles

24. Cells are trying to balance the internal environment and the external environment Types of Solutions –Hypertonic- more molecules outside –Hypotonic- more molecules inside –Isotonic- same- balanced If the molecules are small enough, they can move across the semi-permeable membrane Molecules move from greater concentration to a lower concentration through Diffusion Osmosis is the diffusion of liquids like water HOMEOSTASIS- WHAT ARE WE BALANCING?

25. WHAT IS OUR BODY BALANCING? Gases (O2 & CO2 & pH)- The Capillaries in the circulatory system work with the alveoli in the lungs and respiratory system to exchange gasses –CO2 accumulates in the blood when you are active –CO2 LOWERS the pH of your blood –Exhaling CO2 and inhaling O2 RAISES the pH of your blood Water and Solutes (H2O, Na, K, Urea)- The Capillaries work with Nephrons in the Kidneys and the Urinary system to maintain water balance

26. WHAT IS OUR BODY BALANCING? Sugar (Glucose)- The circulatory system works with the liver and pancreas in the digestive system to maintain blood-sugar levels Temperature- The integumentary, muscular, and circulatory systems work together to cause –shivering, –goosebumps, –sweating, and –increased bloodflow

27. WHAT ELSE DO I NEED TO KNOW? Your Endocrine system send chemical messages through your blood to regulate the body’s activities. The blood has many types of cells in the plasma- –Red blood cells carry oxygen –White blood cells fight infections –Platelettes help form blood clots The lymphatic system also helps fight infections The skeletal system provides support and protection The reproductive system provides continuity for the species. Cells and organelles Levels of organization

28. Organ Systems 1-16 Integration and coordination- Nervous system- brain, spinal cord, nerves, & sense organs operates by nerve impulses variety of mechanisms & purposes motor & sensory Endocrine system- hormones Chemical messengers Target tissue

29. Organ Systems 1-15 Body covering- skin, hair, nails, glands Protection Temp regulation Sensory organs Support and movement- Bones, ligaments, cartilage Skeletal for framework and protection Muscles for movement and body heat

30. Organ Systems Transport- Cardiovascular- heart, blood, etc. Lymphatic- vessels & fluid Fight infection Reproduction- Producing offspring Fertilization and development

31. Organ Systems Absorption and excretion- –Digestive system- Absorb food and excrete waste –Respiratory system- Absorb oxygen and excrete carbon dioxide –Urinary system- Store and excrete liquid wastes and keep water balance

32. ORGAN SYSTEMS