1. Gene Technology Chapter 11

2. 11.1 Basic Steps of Genetic Engineering Genetic Engineering – process of manipulating genes for practical purposes Genetic Engineering – process of manipulating genes for practical purposes Recombinant DNA – DNA made from 2 or more different organisms Recombinant DNA – DNA made from 2 or more different organisms

3. Recombinant DNA

4. 4 Steps of Genetic Engineering Experiments Cutting DNA Cutting DNA Restriction enzymes cut DNA at certain spots Restriction enzymes cut DNA at certain spots A vector that can carry the gene is used A vector that can carry the gene is used Plasmids are circular DNA that can replicate independently Plasmids are circular DNA that can replicate independently Recombinant DNA is made – the gene of interest and the DNA of the vector are combined Recombinant DNA is made – the gene of interest and the DNA of the vector are combined

5. Gene cloning – many copies of the gene of interest are made by the vector copying its DNA with the gene in it Gene cloning – many copies of the gene of interest are made by the vector copying its DNA with the gene in it Screening – cells that have the gene you want are separated from those that don’t Screening – cells that have the gene you want are separated from those that don’t

6. Genetic Engineering

7. Human Applications of Genetic Engineering Human Genome Project Human Genome Project Identify the 3.2 billion base pairs of DNA that makes up humans Identify the 3.2 billion base pairs of DNA that makes up humans Large portion of DNA does not code, only 1% to 1.5% make proteins Large portion of DNA does not code, only 1% to 1.5% make proteins Only 30,000 to 40,000 genes (much less than expected) Only 30,000 to 40,000 genes (much less than expected)

8. Genetically Engineered Drugs and Vaccines Genetically Engineered Drugs and Vaccines Drugs – produced instead of taken from another person Drugs – produced instead of taken from another person Vaccines – contains all or part of a harmless version of the pathogen Vaccines – contains all or part of a harmless version of the pathogen Once injected, surface proteins read by immune system and antibodies are made Once injected, surface proteins read by immune system and antibodies are made When the real virus enters, you already have antibodies to kill it before it can cause damage When the real virus enters, you already have antibodies to kill it before it can cause damage Natural vaccines have a small chance of giving you infection; GE has vaccine in harmless virus Natural vaccines have a small chance of giving you infection; GE has vaccine in harmless virus

9. Vaccines

10. DNA Fingerprinting DNA Fingerprinting No 2 individuals (except twins) have same DNA No 2 individuals (except twins) have same DNA Can look at nucleotide sequence Can look at nucleotide sequence Restriction enzymes cut at certain sequences so length will be different between 2 individuals Restriction enzymes cut at certain sequences so length will be different between 2 individuals Pattern of dark bands will be different Pattern of dark bands will be different Done from blood, semen, bone, hair Done from blood, semen, bone, hair

12. Genetic Engineering in Agriculture Genetic Engineering in Agriculture Improve Crops Improve Crops Drought tolerant Drought tolerant Herbicide/pest resistant Herbicide/pest resistant More nutritious More nutritious Risks Risks Herbicide resistance in weeds? Herbicide resistance in weeds? Allergies to introduced genes? Allergies to introduced genes? Pests become resistant? Pests become resistant?