1. TRADOC DCSINT Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff for Intelligence U.S. Army Training and Doctrine Command TRADOC DCSINT

2. FM 7-100.3 Opposing Force: Paramilitary and Nonmilitary Organizations and Tactics Chapter 1 Regional and Global Framework

3. TRADOC DCSINT Paramilitary Organizations Regular Internal Security Forces Government Non-government Terrorists Large-Scale Drug and Criminal Organizations Insurgents Private Security Organizations

4. TRADOC DCSINT Nonmilitary Organizations Drug and Criminal Elements Non-government Media Other Civilians on the Battlefield (COBs) International Humanitarian Relief Organizations Transnational Corporations

5. TRADOC DCSINT War and Armed Conflict Armed conflict is not always the principle activity in war by organizations supporting paramilitary forces Leadership sets its policies and objectives Directs the use of all instruments of power: diplomatic-political, informational, and economic

6. TRADOC DCSINT War and Armed Conflict War and Armed Conflict The State may help… Finance Train Equip insurgent or terrorist groups operating against its regional and international opponent(s)

7. TRADOC DCSINT War and Armed Conflict War and Armed Conflict Drug and Criminal Organizations Have a profit motive Capitalize on turmoil of war Steal weapons and supplies

8. TRADOC DCSINT War and Armed Conflict War and Armed Conflict Drug & Criminal Organizations Somalian Looting UN HQ

9. TRADOC DCSINT Paramilitary organizations may become involved in conflict with a superior extraregional force and conduct operations far from its regional home base. Paramilitary organizations may become involved in conflict with a superior extraregional force and conduct operations far from its regional home base.

10. TRADOC DCSINT With the exception of internal security forces, paramilitary organizations are not part of the State structure Paramilitary goals are often different from the State The State will attempt to use these forces to further its strategic goals Nature of the Conflict

11. TRADOC DCSINT Nature of the Conflict Nonmilitary organizations will be in area of conflict Combatants will try to play the noncombatants to their advantage

12. TRADOC DCSINT Basic Principles Discipline Perseverance Legitimacy Aggressiveness Mobility Initiative Flexibility Concentration Effective Coordination Surprise and Audacity Adaptive Use of Available Technology

13. TRADOC DCSINT Basic Principles Basic Principles Discipline The ability to put the goals of the organization ahead of individual needs We must affirm anew the discipline of the Party, namely: (1)The individual is subordinate to the organization; (2)The minority is subordinate to the majority; (3)The lower level is subordinate to the higher level; and (4)The entire membership is subordinate to the Central Committee. Whoever violates these articles of discipline disrupts Party unity. Comrade Mao Tse-tung October 1938

14. TRADOC DCSINT Basic Principles Basic Principles Perseverance The long-term commitment to keep fighting until the organization accomplishes its goal In Hanoi a week before the fall of Saigon, I told my North Vietnamese counterpart on the Four Party Joint Military Team (set up by the Paris Peace Accords), " You know, you never beat us on the battlefield." He thought about that for a moment, then replied: "That may be so. But it's also irrelevant." - - Colonel Harry G. Summers, Jr.

15. TRADOC DCSINT Basic Principles Basic Principles Legitimacy A condition by which a group gains authority It is a lawfulness by virtue of being authorized by a just concept and thereby grants credibility to a struggle

16. TRADOC DCSINT Basic Principles Basic Principles Aggressiveness The principle of the offensive spirit The aggressive force dominates the environment through offensive actions

17. TRADOC DCSINT »"»" The ability to quickly move virtually unconstrained within areas controlled or occupied by the enemy U.S. Special Forces in Afghanistan Operation Enduring Freedom Nov 2001

18. TRADOC DCSINT Basic Principles Basic Principles Initiative Forces the enemy to react to the actions of the paramilitary force by controlling or shaping the environment Allows the leadership to make and implement bold decisions and to establish or change the terms of the confrontation Allows paramilitary forces to overcome relative operational inferiority by creating conditions of local superiority

19. TRADOC DCSINT Basic Principles Basic Principles Flexibility The ability to conduct activities anywhere within the target area regardless of conditions Allows a force to adapt rapidly to operate under any conditions and to take advantage of fleeting windows of opportunity

20. TRADOC DCSINT Basic Principles Basic Principles Adaptive Use of Available Technology Hitting the 5, 6, 7 and 8 buttons on the phone gun fires four.22- caliber rounds in quick succession. Paramilitary forces must use all technology available to them, sometimes in adaptive or innovative ways Viet Cong guerrillas used discarded U.S. LAWs as Mortar tubes to shell American positions.

21. TRADOC DCSINT Basic Principles Basic Principles Concentration Ability to mass the effects of assets Allows smaller forces to achieve comparatively greater gains Concentration of effort at the decisive time and place is critical to success l

22. TRADOC DCSINT Basic Principles Basic Principles Effective Coordination Ensures success through coordinated efforts of all forces Ensures mutual support between forces Tet Offensive, Saigon, RVN 1968

23. TRADOC DCSINT Surprise is striking the enemy at a time and place where he is not expecting it or in a manner for which he is unprepared. Audacity is the ability of the force to take bold actions without regard to normal political and legal considerations.

24. TRADOC DCSINT Basic Principles Basic Principles Preservation of Combat Effectiveness Preservation of combat effectiveness equals sustainment Decision makers conduct careful cost benefit analysis before embarking on any operation Operational pauses, truces and periods of inclement weather are used to rest, train, and sustain forces

25. TRADOC DCSINT Vulnerability of coalitions Unwillingness to accept heavy losses Sensitivity to public opinion Lack of commitment over time Preference for standoff combat Lack of optimization for close, dismounted combat Dependence on high technology Vulnerability of coalitions Unwillingness to accept heavy losses Sensitivity to public opinion Lack of commitment over time Preference for standoff combat Lack of optimization for close, dismounted combat Dependence on high technology Perceived U.S. Vulnerabilities

26. TRADOC DCSINT Dependence on information dominance Predictable operations Lack of cultural awareness Vulnerability of force projection Dependence on robust logistics Reliance on contractor support Downsizing after conflict Dependence on information dominance Predictable operations Lack of cultural awareness Vulnerability of force projection Dependence on robust logistics Reliance on contractor support Downsizing after conflict Perceived U.S. Vulnerabilities

27. TRADOC DCSINT Principles against Adversary of Greater Power Principles against Adversary of Greater Power Adaptive Principles  Cause Politically Unacceptable Casualties  Control Access into Region  Employ Operational Shielding  Neutralize Technological Overmatch  Control Tempo  Change Nature of the Conflict  Allow No Sanctuary  Conduct Varied Actions

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30. Adaptive Principles Adaptive Principles Control Access into Region Limiting Access Limiting access seeks to affect our ability to introduce forces into the region or country

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32. Adaptive Principles Adaptive Principles Control Access into Region Limiting Access: Airports Unfortunately, America cannot always be guaranteed a red carpet welcome...

33. TRADOC DCSINT Adaptive Principles Adaptive Principles Control Access into Region Limiting Access: Seaports

34. TRADOC DCSINT Operational exclusion seeks to selectively deny our forces the use of or access to forward bases of operation within or near the region The enemy intimidates the population to ensure lack of local cooperation with our efforts Adaptive Principles Adaptive Principles Control Access into Region Operational Exclusion

35. TRADOC DCSINT Adaptive Principles Adaptive Principles Employ Operational Shielding Protect key elements of combat power or infrastructure from destruction This protection may come from use of any or all of the following: –Complex terrain –Noncombatants –Risk of unacceptable collateral damage –Countermeasure systems –Dispersion –Fortifications –Informational Warfare

36. TRADOC DCSINT Adaptive Principles Adaptive Principles Neutralize Technological Overmatch Paramilitary forces will employ all means available to them to overcome their enemies’ technological advantages Camouflage/Deception: Wooden decoy versus photo reconnaissance Utilize media as human intelligence versus signal intelligence of the enemy GPS jammer versus GPS guidance system Dispersion in complex terrain Maneuver in periods of reduced exposure

37. TRADOC DCSINT Control Tempo Paramilitary forces will vary the tempo of operations to suit their situation Rapid tempo establishes access control prior to extraregional force involvement Slow tempo to prolong the conflict, impacting enemy resources and commitment

38. TRADOC DCSINT Adaptive Principles Adaptive Principles Change the Nature of Conflict Exploits the differences between friendly and enemy capabilities and sensitivities Presents the enemy (U.S.) with conditions for which he is not prepared –IRAQ firing Scuds into Israel - attempt to splinter a fragile coalition –Al Qaeda claim of a Christian War against Islam vice a War against Terrorism - attempt to capitalize on shifting worldwide sensitivities

39. TRADOC DCSINT Adaptive Principles Adaptive Principles Allow No Sanctuary Paramilitary forces seek to deny the enemy safe haven anywhere Goal is to present nonlinear, simultaneous actions in order to erode the enemy’s national will Examples: –Al Qaeda blast kills 180 at Indonesian nightclub –Farabundo Marti National Liberation Front kills 4 U.S. Marines in San Salvador restaurant –Libyan sponsored terrorists kill 3 and injure 200+ in Berlin disco

40. TRADOC DCSINT Adaptive Principles to keep us off balance… Adaptive Principles Conduct Varied Actions to keep us off balance… Decentralized actions make it virtually impossible for the enemy to mass their combat power Dispersed actions require enemy elements to work remotely and independently Distributed actions synchronize the combat operations of geographically separate elements to take advantage of fleeting opportunities on the battlefield

41. TRADOC DCSINT The Role of Paramilitary Forces in Operations of the State The State cultivates relationships with paramilitary organizations to influence their actions The State views these forces as their assets during war Paramilitary forces provide depth to the State’s operation

42. TRADOC DCSINT Role of Paramilitary Forces Role of Paramilitary Forces Basic Types of Action at Strategic Level Strategic operations use all four instruments of national power (DIME) Regional operations against opponents the State overmatches Transition operations Adaptive operations against opponents that overmatch the State

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44. Role of Paramilitary Forces Role of Paramilitary Forces Internal Security Forces During regional operations, internal security forces control the population in newly seized territory Transition operations include prisoner evacuation, traffic control, security of key infrastructure, labor mobilization, and intelligence collection In adaptive operations internal security forces free up regular military units for higher-priority tasks Stay-behind agents work with insurgent, terrorist, and criminal organizations to resist occupation forces

45. TRADOC DCSINT Role of Paramilitary Forces Role of Paramilitary Forces Internal Security Forces Think

46. TRADOC DCSINT Role of Paramilitary Forces Role of Paramilitary Forces Insurgent Forces The State ensures that insurgent forces operating against and within neighboring countries are part of its strategic and operational planning Sea Hostile Country Neutral Country Allied Country Sea Strategic Goal: Counterinsurgency Sea Strategic Goal: Defense Against Invasion “THE STATE” Area of Unrest Strategic Goal: Annexation of Territory

47. TRADOC DCSINT Role of Paramilitary Forces Role of Paramilitary Forces Insurgent Forces During regional operations, they execute actions that support the State’s armed forces’ operations –Support for insurgents dependent upon likelihood for extraregional intervention –Potential threat of insurgents becoming an opponent to the State During transition operations, they support access-control operations to deny/delay enemy access into the region

48. TRADOC DCSINT Role of Paramilitary Forces Role of Paramilitary Forces Terrorist and Criminal Organizations In time of war, “the State” encourages and supports terrorist and criminal actions to break down civil control within a neighboring or opposition nation Criminal actions include: –Drug trafficking –Counterfeit currency production –Sabotage against key infrastructure –Incite Unrest –General violence

49. TRADOC DCSINT REGIONAL AND GLOBAL FRAMEWORK REGIONAL AND GLOBAL FRAMEWORK Summary Categories of Paramilitary and Nonmilitary Organizations Basic Principles of Paramilitary Organizations Principles Versus an Adversary of Greater Power The Role of Paramilitary Forces in Opposing Force Operations