1. Comparative Criminal Justice Systems BORDER POLICING United State-Mexico Andreas / Marshall

2. Questions What issues should be considered with “border policing?” Why should they be considered? What issues do you perceive as problematic with the Mexico-United State border? Explain. How would you measure the effectiveness of border policing? Explain.

3. The Scope of Illegal Cross-Border Crime The size and scope of illegal cross-border crime based on published government statistics for illegal immigration and drug trafficking only represent rough estimates. An estimate by the International Money Fund in the 1990s indicated that $500 billion was laundered annually through the global financial system from capital earned by smuggling practices.

4. Cross-Border Issues Politics Media / Public policy Economics Human rights Smuggling Migrant labor

5. United States-Mexico Border Issues A nearly two thousand mile boundary. The busiest land border in the world. Meeting point between a rich country and a poor country. Legal trade (NAFTA) versus illegal trade. Migration on the U.S. side is treated primarily as a law enforcement matter; on the Mexican side as a social and economic matter (for Mexican nationals).

6. Questions Persistent illegal border crossing ranging from illegal migration to transnational criminal smuggling networks are widely perceived as examples of “loss of state control” over national borders. Does this perception lead to escalation and “reactive” policing to “regain control”? Or, Does this perception exacerbate cross-border crimes? How can this anxiety affect the media, public, and politics?

7. The Challenge Assure the public that the border is open to legal trade while reassuring the public that the border is sufficiently closed to illegal smuggling activities.

8. Smuggling Smuggling consists of all cross-border economic activity that is unauthorized by either the receiving or the sending country.  As a percentage of overall global activity, smuggling activity is possibly no more significant today than in the past.  Content and contextual issues over time include: the particular smuggling activities; the structure of the smuggling organizations; methods of transport, state laws, intensity of enforcement; the degree of societal anxiety and political attention; and the level of consumer demand.

9. Smuggling Crime Types Hazardous waste Arms Nuclear material Antiquities Precious stones and metals Illicit drugs Money Pornography Animals Humans Body parts Migrants Prostitutes Babies

10. Questions Would border policing (land and maritime) have a “hydraulic effect” on cross-border smuggling crimes? Is it possible that the escalation of border policing has a “net widening effect” on cross-border smuggling crimes?

11. Rich Countries versus Poor Countries In many poor countries, smuggling activities are crucial sources of employment and revenues in a growing integrated global economic system. Therefore, the issues of smuggling and migrant labor become major issues in a North American border-free economic space. This leads to the concepts of both a borderless economy and a barricaded border (a political dilemma).

12. Questions Does escalation of border policing perpetuate itself? Would it be better, as U.S. policy, to direct our attention to the demand problem as opposed to the supply problem? (For example, seriously penalizing employers instead of migrant workers.)