1. Engineering Economic Analysis Canadian Edition Chapter 3: Interest and Equivalence

2. 3-2 Chapter 3 … Defines the time value of money. Distinguishes between simple and compound interest in engineering economic analysis. Explains equivalence of cash flows. Defines nominal, effective, and periodic interest rates. Applies single payment compound interest formulas.

3. 3-3 Chapter Assumptions in Solving Economic Analysis Problems End-of-year convention simplifies calculations Viewpoint of the firm Sunk costs past has no bearing on current decisions Owner-provided capital no debt capital Stable prices No depreciation No income taxes

4. 3-4 Economic Decision Components Where economic decisions are immediate or short term, we need to consider: amount of expenditure (costs) and benefits (income) taxes (if after-tax analysis) Where economic decisions occur over a considerable period of time, we also need to consider interest and inflation.

5. 3-5 Computing Cash Flows Cash flows have: Costs (disbursements) > a negative number Benefits (receipts) > a positive number Examples 3-1 & 3-2

6. 3-6 Time Value of Money (TVM) Money has value. Money can be leased or rented. The payment is called interest. If you put $100 in a bank at 9% interest for one time period, you will receive your original $100 plus $9. Original amount to be returned = $100 Interest to be returned = $100  9% = $9 Total amount received = $109

7. 3-7 Importance of Time Time is a critical factor in engineering economic studies (except for very short term projects). There is a preference for consuming goods and services sooner rather than later. The stronger the preference for current consumption, the greater the importance of time in investment decisions. The amount and timing of a project ’ s cash flows (operating expenses; revenues/ sales) are crucial to the value of a project ’ s worth.

8. 3-8 TVM Illustration (Projects A & B) Project ParametersProject AProject B Initial investment$10,000 Salvage value$0 Life5 years End-of-year cash flows Year 1$3,000$5,000 Year 2$3,000$4,000 Year 3$3,000 Year 4$3,000$2,000 Year 5$3,000$1,000

9. 3-9 Projects A and B have identical initial costs, duration, and cumulative cash flows over 5 years ($15,000) but different cash flow patterns. If the discount rate i = 0%, then A and B are equivalent. If i ≠ 0%, then A and B are not equivalent. TVM Illustration (Projects A & B)…

10. 3-10 Interest Rate The importance of time is inherent in the rate of interest. The rate of interest is the rate of return received by a lender for lending money (foregoing or trading off current consumption for future consumption), or the rate of return paid by a borrower for the use of a lender ’ s funds.

11. 3-11 For discrete cash flows, we have: Simple interest: interest calculated once only and paid at the end of the term. Compound interest: finite number (m) of within- year compounding periods, e.g.  12% compounded monthly (m = 12)  12% compounded quarterly (m = 4)  12% compounded annually (m = 1) For continuous cash flows, we have continuous compounding: Infinite number of within-year compounding periods, i.e. m  ∞. Interest Rate

12. 3-12 Simple Interest Interest that is computed only on the original sum or principal. The term is usually up to one year. Total interest earned: I = Pin where  P – principal  i – interest rate (%) per period  n – number of periods (usually years) For example: P = $100; i = 9% per year; 6 month term I = $100  9%/period  ½ period = $4.50

13. 3-13 Future Value of a Loan with Simple Interest Amount of money due at the end of a loan F = P + Pin; or F = P(1 + in), where F = future value. Would you accept payment with simple interest terms? Would a bank? F = $100 (1 + 9%  ½) = $104.50

14. 3-14 Simple Interest Simple annual interest rate = 14% End- of-year Amount Borrowed Interest for Period Amount Owed at EOY 0$1,000 1$140$1,140 2$140$1,280 3$140$1,420 $1,280 = $1,000+2(14%)$1,000

15. 3-15 Compound Interest Interest that is computed on the original unpaid principal and on the unpaid interest. Total interest earned: I n = P(1 + i) n – P where  P = present sum of money  i = interest rate per period  n = number of periods For example: P = $100; i = 9% compounded annually; 5-year term I 5 = $100  (1+9%) 5  $100 = $53.86

16. 3-16 Compound annual interest rate = 14% End- of-year Amount Borrowed Interest for Period Amount Owed at EOY 0$1,000 1$140.00$1,140.00 2$159.60$1,299.60 3$181.94$1,481.54 $1,299.60 = $1,000(1+14%) 2 Compound Interest

17. 3-17 Future Value of a Loan with Compound Interest Amount of money due at the end of a loan F = P(1+i)(1+i)(1+i) = P(1+i) n ; where F = future value Would you be more likely to accept payment with compound interest terms? Would a bank? For example: P = $100; i = 9%; 5-year term F = $100(1 + 9%) 5 = $153.86

18. 3-18 Comparison of Simple and Compound Interest Over Time The difference is negligible over a short period of time, but over a long period of time it may a considerable amount. Check the table to see the difference over time. Short or long? When is the difference significant? You choose the time period.

19. 3-19 Four Ways to Repay a Debt Plan Repay Principal Repay InterestInterest Paid 1Equal annual amounts Interest on unpaid balance Declines 2End of loan Interest on unpaid balance Constant 3Equal annual amountsDeclines at increasing rate 4End of loan Compound and pay at end of loan Compounds at increasing rate until end of loan

20. 3-20 Loan Repayment — Four Options Complete the calculator in this spreadsheet.

21. 3-21 Equivalence When an organization is indifferent as to whether it has an amount of money now (present value) or another amount of money in the future (future value), we say that the present amount of money is equivalent to the future amount of money. Each of the plans on the previous slide is equivalent because each repays an amount of money that has the same value today at the same interest rate.

22. 3-22 Given the choice of these two plans which would you choose? YearPlan 1Plan 2 1$1400$400 2$1320$400 3$1240$400 4$1160$400 5$1080$5400 Total$6200$7000 To make a choice the cash flows must be altered (discounted) so a comparison can be made. Equivalence …

23. 3-23 Technique of Equivalence Select a common point in time. Determine a single equivalent value at that point in time for plan 1. Determine a single equivalent value at that point in time for plan 2. Judge the relative attractiveness of the two alternatives from the comparable equivalent values.

24. 3-24 Repayment Plans Establish the Interest Rate Principal outstanding over time Amount repaid over time For example, if F = P(1 + i) n, then i = (F/P) 1/n  1

25. 3-25 Application of Equivalence Calculations Pick an alternative. Which would you choose? Change the interest rate to 8%, 15%, 3%, etc.

26. 3-26 Comparing Alternatives … Compare the investment alternatives for various interest rates. Is there a rate at which you are indifferent among all alternatives?

27. 3-27 Interest Formulas To understand equivalence, the underlying interest formulas must be analyzed. Notation: i = Interest rate per interest period n = Number of interest periods P = Present sum of money (Present value) F = Future sum of money (Future value)

28. 3-28 Single Payment Compound Interest Year Beginning balance Interest for period Ending balance 1PiPP(1+i) 2 iP(1+i)P(1+i) 2 3 iP(1+i) 2 P(1+i) 3 nP(1+i) n-1 iP(1+i) n-1 P(1+i) n P at time 0 becomes P(1+i) n at the end of period n. Stated otherwise, Future value = Present value  (1+i) n.

29. 3-29 Notation for Calculating Future and Present Values Formula: F = P(1+i) n is the single payment future value factor. Find the value in five years of $1000 today if the rate of interest is 7½%. (Ans: $1435.63) Formula: P = F(1/(1+i) n ) = F(1+i)  n is the single payment present value factor. Find the value today of $1000 in five years if the rate of interest is 7½%. (Ans: $696.56) Note: never use financial tables.

30. 3-30 Nominal, Effective and Periodic Interest Rates Interest rate = 8% compounded quarterly Nominal rate = 8% (per year) compounded quarterly, i.e. 4 times per year. Effective rate = [1+(8%/4)] 4 – 1 = 8.2432%. Periodic rate (per quarter) = 8%/4 = 2%. Investing $1 at 2% per quarter is equivalent to investing $1 at 8.2432% annually.

31. 3-31 Nominal, Effective and Periodic Interest Rates … Interest rate = 6¼% compounded monthly Nominal rate = 6¼% compounded monthly. Effective rate = [1+(6¼%/12)] 12 – 1 = 6.4322%. Periodic rate (per month) = 6¼%/12 = 0.520833%. The spreadsheet compares effects of interest specified as nominal and effective rates.

32. 3-32 Examples If you borrow $5000 today, then $10,000 in eight months, calculate the two payments you must make in six months and one year, with the second payment being twice the size of the first, to repay the debt if interest is 6¾% per year. $5129.79 in six months and $10,259.58 in one year, using one year from now as the focal date $ 5131.67 in six months and $10,263.34 in one year, using the sequential payment technique

33. 3-33 Examples … Determine which of the following you would rather have: A. $10,000 today; B. $5000 today and $7000 in four years; or C. $3000 at the end of each of the next four years. Your opportunity cost of capital (interest rate) is 8½% compounded annually. B is best with a value of $10,051.02 today. A is second with a value of $10,000 today. C is worst with a value $9826.79 today.

34. 3-34 Examples … Find how long it takes for $10,000 invested today to reach a value of $11,600.78 if the interest rate is 4¼% compounded monthly. 42 months or 3½ years You promise to pay $10,000 in 30 months to a lender who gives you $8731.54 today. Find the interest rate the lender is charging. Express it as a nominal rate compounded semiannually and as an effective rate. 5½% compounded semiannually 5.575625% effective

35. 3-35 Suggested Problems 3-2, 3-6, 3-9, 3-10, 3-13, 3-15, 3-16, 3-17, 3- 19, 3-20.