1. Geographic Information Systems GIS Output

2. 1. Color Theory ► Additive primaries blue, green, and red ► Subtractive primaries yellow, cyan, and magenta

3. 1. (1) Additive Primaries ► Superimposing blue, green, and red light blue + green + red = white

4. ► Yellow, cyan, and magenta are complements to blue, red, and green, respectively ► Various combinations of the three primaries produce different colors Additive Primaries..

5. 1. (2) Subtractive Primaries ► Superimposing yellow, magenta, and cyan dye: ► Superimposing yellow, magenta, and cyan dye: yellow + magenta + cyan = black yellow + magenta = red yellow + cyan = green magenta + cyan = blue yellow + magenta + cyan = black yellow + magenta = red yellow + cyan = green magenta + cyan = blue

6. Subtractive Primaries.. ► Yellow, cyan, and magenta Cyan = white – red Magenta = white – green Yellow = white - blue

7. 2. Cartographic Symbols ► Point symbols ► Line symbols ► Area symbols

8. 2. (1) Point Symbols ► Points e.g. cities, lakes, stores, trees e.g. cities, lakes, stores, trees ► Lines e.g. rivers, streets and roads, pipelines, airline routes e.g. rivers, streets and roads, pipelines, airline routes ► Areas e.g. field crops, depth to water table, demographic statistics, marketing regions e.g. field crops, depth to water table, demographic statistics, marketing regions

9. Strategies of Symbolization USGS Map Symbols http://www.indiana.edu/~arch/saa/matrix/la/la_ppt05.ppt ► The use of point, line, and area symbols depends on - spatial scale of a project - spatial scale of a project - purpose of a project - convention

10. Strategies of Symbolization.. M. Dolce

11. Strategies of Symbolization..

13. ► Identification and Awareness of Hazardous Waste Sites

14. 3. Primary Graphic Elements ► Hue ► Value ► Size ► Shape ► Spacing ► Orientation ► Location http://www.indiana.edu/~arch/saa/matrix/la/la_ppt05.ppt

15. Primary Graphic Elements.. ► Hue - Color ► Value - Lightness or darkness of a mark, tone ► Size - size of a mark ► Shape - shape of a mark ► Spacing - distance between component marks ► Orientation - directional arrangement of marks ► Location - location of map components, titles, legends, etc.

16. 3. (7) Location ► Location of map components, titles, legends, etc. Title Legend Data source http://www.sewanee.edu/biology/courses/biol341/lectures/jan27.ppt27

17. Southeastern Geographer, 2009. Searching for a New Brand Reimagining a More Diverse Orlando. 49(2): 185-199.

18. ► http://2013.foss4g.org/conf/gallery/ http://2013.foss4g.org/conf/gallery/

19. Shape/ Pattern Color Point Data Nominal Numerical Line Data Area Data Nominal Numerical Graphic Element X X X X X X Size X X X Value X X X X -- Graphic Element is not suitable. http://www.sewanee.edu/biology/courses/biol341/lectures/jan27.ppt27

20. 4. Components of Map Design ► Clarity and legibility ► Visual contrast ► Visual balance ► Figure vs. ground ► Hierarchical organization

21. 4. (1) Clarity and Legibility ► Size ► Length vs. width ► Contrasting color and shape of symbols ► Map components

22. 4. (2) Visual Contrast ► Sufficient difference among symbols

23. Jim Besley & Kurt Snider, US Fish & Wildlife Service 4. (3) Visual Balance ► Relative position and visual importance of map components The two centers of an image space Optical Center Geometric center The designer should arrange the map’s elements around the optical center, rather than the geometric center

24. 4. (4) Figure vs. Ground ► Differentiation, closed, small or continuous forms, brightness, detail of features and ground Figures – important objects Figures – important objects Grounds – things less important

25. Figure vs. Ground.. Figures – important objects Grounds – things less important

26. 4. (5) Hierarchical Organization ► Extensional - network of lines of varying significance ► Subdivisional - internal relationship of a hierarchy

27. Hierarchy.. ► Contrast, shading, color, and text masking are all techniques used to create hierarchy

28. Hierarchy.. ► Contrast, shading, color, and text masking are all techniques used to create hierarchy

29. Readings ► Chapter 7