1. Principles of Reinforcement People react differently to the same reinforcement. People are unable to repeat desirable behaviors. People receive different reinforcers in different situations. Why principles of reinforcement are complex

2. Approaches to Influencing Behavior Focuses on rewarding appropriate behavior, which increases the likelihood of desirable responses occurring in the future. Positive approach Focuses on punishing undesirable behaviors, which should lead to future redirection of these inappropriate behaviors. Negative approach

3. Approaches to Influencing Behavior Most coaches and instructors combine positive and negative approaches. Sport psychologists agree that the predominant approach with physical activity and sport participants should be positive because the negative approach often instills fear in participants.

4. Positive Reinforcement Choose effective reinforcers (e.g., social material, activity). 1. Early learning—continuous and immediate reinforcement desirable Learned skill—intermittent and immediate reinforcement desirable Timing or schedule of reinforcement. 2. Shape or reinforce successful approximations of difficult behaviors. 3. Reward performance, as well as outcome. 4. (continued)

5. Reward effort. 5. Reward emotional and social skill. 6. Provide knowledge of results (feedback regarding the correctness or incorrectness of an action). 7. Provide motivational and instructional feedback. 8.

6. Punishment Punishment can arouse fear of failure. Punishment can act as a reinforcer. Punishment can control and change behavior but 80 to 90% of reinforcement should be positive. Punishment can hinder learning of skills. Drawbacks of punishment

7. Modifying Behavior in Sport Systematic application of the basic principles of reinforcement to change behavior. Behavior modification

8. Modifying Behavior in Sport & Rehab. Settings Target the behaviors; define targeted behaviors; record behaviors; provide meaningful feedback; state outcomes clearly; tailor reward systems. Behavior program principles

9. Intrinsic Motivation and Extrinsic Rewards Intrinsic motivation: Striving inwardly to be competent and self-determining. Basic question: Do extrinsic rewards undermine intrinsic motivation? Research shows that being paid for working on an intrinsically interesting activity can decrease a person’s intrinsic motivation for the activity.

10. Intrinsic Motivation and Extrinsic Rewards Cognitive Evaluation Theory How rewards are perceived is critical in determining whether intrinsic motivation increases or decreases.

11. Cognitive Evaluation Theory Controlling aspects: Rewards that are perceived to control a person or suggest the person is not competent decrease intrinsic motivation. Informational aspects: Rewards that increase the information aspect and provide positive feedback about competence increase intrinsic motivation.

12. How Extrinsic Rewards Affect Intrinsic Motivation in Sport Competitive success and failure: Competitive success increases intrinsic motivation, whereas competitive failure tends to decrease intrinsic motivation. Feedback: Positive feedback increases intrinsic motivation.

13. Increasing Intrinsic Motivation Provide for successful experiences. Give rewards contingent on performance. Use verbal and nonverbal praise. Vary content and sequence practice drills.

14. What types of things can you do as an athletic trainer that can help the motivation of athletes in the rehabilitation process?