1. Ch. 12: Helping Pt 2: Apr. 21, 2014

2. Helping (or not helping) What determines why/when people help? – 1) Evolutionary factors: A) Role of ‘kin selection’ What research supports this? B) Reciprocity

3. Evolutionary explanations (cont.) – C) Empathy Cognitive component – Emotional component – Toddler empathy research – how does this research indicate a natural instinct to help? monkeys & empathy…

4. 2) Cost-reward model – Social exchange – focus on rewards What are possible rewards? – Is the helping altruistic or egoistic?

5. 3) Situational factors influence helping – – Effect of crowds: The Bystander Effect Kitty Genovese murder in 1964 in NYC – Details of the incident? How did bystanders react?

6. Darley & Latane’s follow-up experiments: Confederate fakes a seizure…either alone, with 1 other participant, or 4 other participants What is ‘Diffusion of Responsibility’?

7. Obstacles to helping – – Noticing – Interpreting – What is pluralistic ignorance? Shotland’s research on male-female assaults – – Responsibility – Deciding how to help