1. Nutrient Determination in the Belgian Coastal Waters of the North Sea By Sheku Sei and Enyue Xue 1 st Year Ecomama

2. Content 1. Introduction 2. Sampling Site 3. Materials and Methods 4. Result 5. Discussion 6. Conclusion

3. Introduction – – The North Sea - situated on the continental shelf of northwest Europe. – – The Belgian part of the North Sea –Belgian part of the North Sea – – 3,600 km², which is about the size of West Flanders. about half a per cent of the surface of the North Sea.

4. Introduction The basis of the practicals The basis of the practicals To quantify nutrient concentration from sea water samples collected at different stations and different depths To quantify nutrient concentration from sea water samples collected at different stations and different depths To obtain an insight into nutrient variability To obtain an insight into nutrient variability learn Practical techniques how and seasonal variations learn Practical techniques how and seasonal variations

5. Introduction Nutrients - important for primary production in the sea Nutrients - important for primary production in the sea A limiting factor :light+low nutrient=low pp A limiting factor :light+low nutrient=low pp Concentrations- usually high in winter- why? Concentrations- usually high in winter- why? High mixing processes High mixing processes High nutrient + light =high pp High nutrient + light =high pp Light limiting factor Light limiting factor High nutrient consumption at surface waters

6. Sampling stations

7. Method and materials Sampling- survey cruise : Sampling- survey cruise : Research vessel ZEELEEUW Research vessel ZEELEEUW Sampling along the Belgian Continental Shelf Sampling along the Belgian Continental Shelf Sea water –collected –by Niskin Bottles Sea water –collected –by Niskin Bottles Samples filtered in polyethylene bottles and deep frozen Samples filtered in polyethylene bottles and deep frozen Analysis done using the standard protocols of reagents Analysis done using the standard protocols of reagents Equipment: spectrophotometer - absorbance Equipment: spectrophotometer - absorbance Calibration done using different dilutions to generate calibration curve –useful to determine concentrations (Con. (ug/l =corrected extinction –b)/a Calibration done using different dilutions to generate calibration curve –useful to determine concentrations (Con. (ug/l =corrected extinction –b)/a Ammonium determined immediately Ammonium determined immediately

8. Result Calibration curve -Phosphate

9. Phosphate Concentration in Samples Station 230 Station 330 Station 435 Conc. (ug/l) Depth (m) 46.4555 SD: 3.3165 3 41.9005 SD: 0.0493 10 Conc. (ug/l) Depth (m) 40.5367 SD:1.007 3 40.868 SD:0.681 10 40.02 SD: 0.682 20 MeanConc. (ug/l) Depth (m) 44.0627 SD:4.268 3 44.556 SD: 3.828 10 44.995 SD: 4.102 20

10. Calibration Curve for Silicate

11. Station 230 Station 330 Station 435 Conc.(ug /l) Depth(m) 29.826 SD: 5.137 3 26.3815 SD:0.01 10 Conc.(ug/l)Depth(m) 27.705 SD: 3.5260 3 22.898 SD: 2.4045 10 29.459 SD:7.071 20 Conc. (ug/l) Depth(m) 22.259 SD:.606 3 23.308 SD:0.9390 10 22.193 SD: 0.614 20 Silicate Concentration in Samples

12. Calibration Curve for Ammonium

13. StationMean Concentrations(ug/l) Lagoon 84.2222 SD: 1.398 230 19.870 SD:4.243 330 60.611 SD: 33.793 435 27.741 SD:3.539 1Nb 30.056 SD: 0.278 2Nb1 32.833 SD: 1.690 Nbii 24.500 SD: 1.470 3Nb2 Ammonium Concentration at Various Stations

14. Vertical profiles Phosphate Conc.(ug/l) D(m) 20 40 60 3 10 20 S 230-P S 435P 330-P

15. Vertical profiles- Silicate Conc. (ug/l) D(m) 3 10 20 40 60 230 330 435

16. DATA ANALYSIS Hypothesis Hypothesis The Waters of the North Sea has water characteristics as that of the Atlantic Ocean. Since the Southern bight of the North Sea is part of the Atlantic Ocean, the hypothesis is that during winter, nutrient concentrations at different depths don’t vary much with depth The Waters of the North Sea has water characteristics as that of the Atlantic Ocean. Since the Southern bight of the North Sea is part of the Atlantic Ocean, the hypothesis is that during winter, nutrient concentrations at different depths don’t vary much with depth Null Hypothesis (H 0 ) = Mean nutrient concentrations don’t vary significantly with depth and at different stations. Null Hypothesis (H 0 ) = Mean nutrient concentrations don’t vary significantly with depth and at different stations. Alternative Hypothesis(H 1 ) =Mean concentrations vary with depth and at different stations. Alternative Hypothesis(H 1 ) =Mean concentrations vary with depth and at different stations.

17. DATA ANALYSIS- phosphate We test the difference of two means, assuming the concentrations are all normal and testing at the level of significance of 5% for stations 330 at 3m and 10m: H0: µ2 - µ1 = 0, H1: µ2 - µ1 < 0 We test the difference of two means, assuming the concentrations are all normal and testing at the level of significance of 5% for stations 330 at 3m and 10m: H0: µ2 - µ1 = 0, H1: µ2 - µ1 < 0 N 1 = Number of samples for X = 3 N 1 = Number of samples for X = 3 N 2 = Number of samples for = 3 N 2 = Number of samples for = 3 Critical point at 5% confidence interval = - 1.645 Critical point at 5% confidence interval = - 1.645 Y– X - (µ 1 -µ 2 )H 0 Y– X - (µ 1 -µ 2 )H 0 = 0.1490 > - 1.645 we cannot reject H 0 = 0.1490 > - 1.645 we cannot reject H 0 √s 1 2 /n 1 + s 2 2 /n 2 Hence nutrient concentrations at the two depths do not vary significantly √s 1 2 /n 1 + s 2 2 /n 2 Hence nutrient concentrations at the two depths do not vary significantly

18. DATA ANALYSIS 2. Station 330-3m and station 330- 20m 2. Station 330-3m and station 330- 20m Calculated = 0.7032, which is > -1.645, we cannot reject H 0. Thus nutrient concentrations at this depth do not differ greatly Calculated = 0.7032, which is > -1.645, we cannot reject H 0. Thus nutrient concentrations at this depth do not differ greatly 3. Station 330 –3m and 230 –3m 3. Station 330 –3m and 230 –3m Calculated = 0.7032, is greater than critical p value. We cannot reject the null hypothesis. Hence nutrient concentrations at these stations do not differ significantly Calculated = 0.7032, is greater than critical p value. We cannot reject the null hypothesis. Hence nutrient concentrations at these stations do not differ significantly 4. Station 330 –10m and 435 -10m. 4. Station 330 –10m and 435 -10m. Calculated = -1.630, which is greater than the critical point. We cannot reject null hypothesis Calculated = -1.630, which is greater than the critical point. We cannot reject null hypothesis

19. DATA ANALYSIS- silicate Station 330 –3m and station 330 –10m Station 330 –3m and station 330 –10m Calculated test value = - 1.6845 < - 1.645, we reject H0 the concentrations differ. Calculated test value = - 1.6845 < - 1.645, we reject H0 the concentrations differ. Station 330 –3m and 330-20m Station 330 –3m and 330-20m Calculated test value = 0.3197 > -1.645, we cannot reject Null. The concentrations at this depth do not differ greatly Calculated test value = 0.3197 > -1.645, we cannot reject Null. The concentrations at this depth do not differ greatly Station 330- 10m and station 330-20m Station 330- 10m and station 330-20m Calculated = 1.2644 > - 1.645, we cannot reject Null, the concentrations of silicate do not differ greatly at these depths. Calculated = 1.2644 > - 1.645, we cannot reject Null, the concentrations of silicate do not differ greatly at these depths.

20. DATA ANALYSIS Station 330- 3m and 230- 3m Station 330- 3m and 230- 3m Calculated test value = - 0.4814 > -1.645, we cannot reject Null, the concentrations at these stations do not differ greatly Calculated test value = - 0.4814 > -1.645, we cannot reject Null, the concentrations at these stations do not differ greatly Station 330-10m and 435 –10m Station 330-10m and 435 –10m Calculated test value = 0.2751 > –1.645, we cannot reject H 0, the concentrations of silicate do not vary greatly at this depth. Calculated test value = 0.2751 > –1.645, we cannot reject H 0, the concentrations of silicate do not vary greatly at this depth. Station 230 -3m and 435- 3m Station 230 -3m and 435- 3m Calculated test value = - 2.0732 < - 1.645, we reject null hypothesis, and say that the concentrations differ at these stations. Calculated test value = - 2.0732 < - 1.645, we reject null hypothesis, and say that the concentrations differ at these stations.

21. DISCUSSION From the vertical profiles and from the statistical tests, we see that the nutrient concentrations do not vary greatly with depth though there are some variations in the silicate concentrations for instance at stations 330 and 435 at 3m depth, and that also at stations 330-3m and 330 10 m From the vertical profiles and from the statistical tests, we see that the nutrient concentrations do not vary greatly with depth though there are some variations in the silicate concentrations for instance at stations 330 and 435 at 3m depth, and that also at stations 330-3m and 330 10 m The concentrations of phosphate is high due to the fact during the period we sampled, there was not much productivity of plankton. Though there were lots of nutrients and mixing, light was limited during that period hence light will be a limiting factor for primary production though there is enough nutrient. The concentrations of phosphate is high due to the fact during the period we sampled, there was not much productivity of plankton. Though there were lots of nutrients and mixing, light was limited during that period hence light will be a limiting factor for primary production though there is enough nutrient.

22. Discussion 2 well mixed water column and high nutrient concentrations, in the photic zone. The concentrations slightly low at the surface at station 330 well mixed water column and high nutrient concentrations, in the photic zone. The concentrations slightly low at the surface at station 330 and high at the bottom. At station 435, the concentrations are a bit higher at the surface and low at the bottom. and high at the bottom. At station 435, the concentrations are a bit higher at the surface and low at the bottom. Silicate concentrations are also slightly high at the bottom depth. Silicate concentrations are also slightly high at the bottom depth. Such fluctuations may be due to the slower process of consumption by phytoplankton at a very low rate though sunlight is light is limited. Such fluctuations may be due to the slower process of consumption by phytoplankton at a very low rate though sunlight is light is limited.

23. Discussion 3 The concentration of ammonium is very high in the Spuikom lagoon. The concentration of ammonium is very high in the Spuikom lagoon. May be due to waste disposal in to the lagoon May be due to waste disposal in to the lagoon Ammonium not taken up by phytoplankton Ammonium not taken up by phytoplankton Excretion processes of zooplankton Excretion processes of zooplankton The high concentration of ammonium at the different stations, Nb stations and stations 230, 330, 435, are all as a result of the fact that enormous quantity of ammonium is discharged in to the sea from rivers from industrial and agricultural sources, from estuaries like the Scheldt. The high concentration of ammonium at the different stations, Nb stations and stations 230, 330, 435, are all as a result of the fact that enormous quantity of ammonium is discharged in to the sea from rivers from industrial and agricultural sources, from estuaries like the Scheldt.

24. CONCLUSION The trend of vertical distribution of silicate and phosphate are similar at station 435 and 230, low concentrations at the surface and high at mid depth and bottom, at station 330 the fluctuation also vary with high concentration at the surface and low at mid depth. These are due to the mixing of the water column and the fluctuations in the photosynthetic activities, which is dependent on as when light is available.

25. CONCLUSION High mixing takes place, the bottom is close to isothermal. Where nutrient concentrations are low it is due to the utilization by during photosynthesis Seasonal changes in nutrient concentration most evident in the temperate area. expected productivity - higher during spring - enough light, enough nutrient- diatom bloom in the North Sea. The period of study was faced with light limitation.

26. Danke Zier Gut!