1. Explain each step of the scientific method.

2. 1.State the problem This is a question that you want to answer 2.Collect and organize the data Research the subject 3.Formulate a hypothesis A hypothesis is a testable statement that will answer a question. 4.Experiment Test your hypothesis by using a control and experimental set up. 5.Analyze and record data Compare your results from each experiment to see if there is evidence that supports your hypothesis. 6.State your conclusion Accept or reject your hypothesis. If you reject your hypothesis, create a new one based on your findings and re-experiment.

3. Differentiate between an independent and dependent variable in an experiment.

4. Independent Variable (manipulated) – the factor that will be manipulated or changed during the experiment. This is the variable being tested. Dependent Variable (Responding) – the factor that responds due to the manipulation of the independent variable. This is what happens as a result of the independent variable.

5. Explain the difference between a hypothesis and a theory.

6. A theory is logical tested explanation for events that occur in nature that are based on many consistent observations. –The same hypothesis has be accepted over and over and over again. A hypothesis testable statement that predicts a possible answer to a question

7. What is the difference between a control group and an experimental group?

8. Control Group : This setup is part of an experiment that receives no experimental treatment. It is identical to the experimental group, except for the variable being tested. Experimental Group: This group receives experimental treatment. It has the variable that is being tested.

9. What is a placebo?

10. A placebo is a fake version of the variable being tested (like a sugar pill) used to make the participants of the experiment “think” that they are receiving the real variable being tested.

11. What is bias?

12. Personal judgment that might alter the results of an experiment. Prejudice

13. Explain the eight characteristics of life.

14. 1.Composed of cells Cells are the basic unit of life and can by unicellular (one cell) or multicellular (more than one cell) 2.Reproduce Reproduction is the process in which new individuals are produced.There are two types: asexual (only one parent) and sexual (two parents). 3.Based on universal genetic code DNA provides the directions for inheritance in every organism on Earth. 4.Grow and develop Organism increases in mass. Unicellular organisms just get bigger; Multicellular organisms increase in number as well as size. 5.Use energy and metabolize The sun is the source for all energy. Metabolism is the sum of all the chemical processes in the organism. 6.Respond to their environment Respond to a stimulus (any change that can cause a reaction) 7.Maintain stable internal environment Homeostasis: produce energy and remove waste 8.Change over time (evolution) Organisms must change to survive an ever changing world

15. Compare and contrast sexual and asexual reproduction.

16. Asexual – single parent gives rise to one or more individuals (binary fission, budding, fragmentation). –Bacteria (binary fission); hydra (budding-buds formed on the parent break away and grow into a new organism); Sea Star (fragmentation- new organism grows from a fragment of the parent.) Sexual Reproduction – the joining of two specialized sex cells (sperm and egg), usually from different parents. Ex: humans

17. Compare gamete and gonad.

18. The gonad is the organ that makes gametes. The gonads in males are the testes and the gonads in females are the ovaries. Gametes are the sex cells. The gametes in males are sperm and the gametes in females are ova (eggs). –Spores(in unicellular organisms) and pollen(in plants) are also gametes

19. Compare compound microscope, scanning electron microscope, and transmission electron microscope.

20. Compound Light Microscopes: – focus light rays that pass through the specimen to produce a magnified image Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM): –Shine a beam of electrons at a sample and then magnifies the image of the sample onto a fluorescent screen beneath the scope. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM): –Scans a beam of electrons back and forth across the surface of the specimen. The 3-D image is produced onto a screen.

21. Compare and contrast magnification and resolution

22. Magnification is making objects larger. Resolution is the ability to distinguish two items as being separate.

23. Differentiate between an element,compound, and a mixture

24. An element consists of only one type of atom. Compounds are chemically combined elements A Mixture a substance consisting of two or more substances mixed together (can be separated).

25. What is chemical bonding?

26. Chemical bonding happens when atoms from two or more different elements combine to form a new substance

27. What is a polar molecule?

28. One side of the molecule has more positive charge than the other side. Ex: water molecule

29. Differentiate between ionic bond, covalent bond, peptide bond, and hydrogen bond

30. Ionic bonds involve the transfer of electrons from one atom to the other. Covalent bonds involves the sharing of electrons between atoms (can be polar like water) Peptide bonds form between amino acids to form proteins. Hydrogen bonds are the weakest bonds between hydrogen atom and an electronegative atom like O, N, or F…found between the nitrogen bases in DNA and RNA

31. Write the chemical equation for photosynthesis and identify the products and reactants.

32. ReactantsProducts 6CO 2 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 Energy Chlorophyll → Coefficient (number of molecules)Subscribt (number of atoms) Element# of atoms Carbon (C)6 Oxygen (O)6*2= 12 Total18

33. What is unique about water’s bonding characteristics and why is it essential to life?

34. Water is a polar molecule with a high specific heat, which allows the Earth’s surface temperatures to vary within limits to allow living organisms to survive. Has the property of cohesion which allows the water molecules to stick together to have more structure than other liquids. Water is the universal solvent.