1. The Rise of Civilizations 5,000,000 -500 BCE From “Hunter-Gatherers” to an Agrarian Society

2. Hominids  The earliest human creatures  About 4.4 million years ago  3.5 to 5 feet tall  Walked on 2 legs  Small brain  Flat nose & large teeth  Known as “southern ape”

3. First Human Beings  First human beings, classified by anthropologists as “homo”, meaning human First human beings, classified by anthropologists as “homo”, meaning human  Divided into 3 species that differ in body structure & rose at different times in prehistory Divided into 3 species that differ in body structure & rose at different times in prehistory

4. Classification “homo”  Homo habilis = “person with ability”  Homo erectus = “person who walks upright”  Homo sapiens = “person who thinks” All people living today belong to this category

5. Ice Ages  Between 2 million & 10,000 years ago Earth experienced long periods of cold climate  Massive glaciers spread from Pole to Pole, scarring landforms  As sheets of ice formed, ocean levels dropped 300 feet. Areas which were once separated by water became connected by land People adapted to environmental changes by migrating to warmer places & inventing clothing & fire. Those who did not adapt died from starvation & exposure

6. Prehistoric People  Were the first to develop a type of culture Languages Religious Beliefs Customs Achievements in art & music Developed the use of stone tools = “the stone age”

7. Human Beginnings Paleolithic Era: Old Stone Age, began 2.5 million years ago until 12,000 BC Mesolithic Era: Middle Stone Age, began 12,000 BC to 8000 BC Neolithic Era: New Stone Age began 8,000 BC to 5,000 BC

8. Homo Sapiens  Modern Human Species Neanderthals  Originated in Africa  200,000 Years Ago  Migrated to Asia & Europe, 100,000 Years Ago  Nomadic Hunter-Gatherers  More Advanced Culturally Tool-Making Cared for Sick & Aged(may have practiced medicine)

9. Homo Sapiens Sapiens  Cro-Magnons More Advanced Tools Stone Ax, Spear-Thrower, Bow & Arrows Established Permanent Settlements Created Cave Paintings

10. The Neolithic Revolution  From Hunter-Gatherers to Agriculture  Middle-East from 8,000 Years Ago  China & The Americas 5,000-4,000 BCE  Used Sickle to Cut Grains  Domesticated Animals  Clay Pottery for Storing & Carrying Food & Water

11. Oldest Neolithic Villages  Jericho (Israeli West Bank) 8000 BCE  Catal Huyuk (Turkey) 7000-6300 BCE

12. Technological Advances  Oxen Drawn Plow  Loom for Weaving Textiles  Wheel  Hammer for Copper, Lead, & Gold Made Jewelry & Weapons Created Calendars

13. Emergence of Civilization  Early Civilizations Nile River Tigris & Euphrates Rivers, 3500 BCE Indus River, 2500 BCE Huang River, 1500 BCE Europe & The Americas, 1000 BCE Western Africa, 750 BCE

14. Cultural Diffusion (defined)  Long distance trade began with the rise of civilizations, typically by water or animal caravan. Along with goods, ideas were exchanged causing the spread of new knowledge