1. SINTEF Energy Research 1 Fault statistics in distribution network Regulation of quality of supply Gerd Kjølle, Norway, RT3

2. SINTEF Energy Research 2 Contents of presentation Regulation of quality of supply in Norway Mandatory reporting of faults and interruptions Standard for collection and reporting - FASIT Definitions related to faults and interruptions Utilization of fault statistics

3. SINTEF Energy Research 3 Quality of supply regulation in Norway (I) Energy Act Mandatory information of quality Long term power system planning Results from customer survey 1991 Mandatory reporting of faults and forced outages 33 - 420 kV Revenue regulation of network owners 1997 Standardized method for estimation of ENS Mandatory reporting of ENS per customer category CENS 2000/2001- Mandatory reporting of interruptions > 3 minutes Interruption costs in power system planning FASIT 1) introduced 1995 1) FASIT - standardized system for reporting of faults and interruptions

4. SINTEF Energy Research 4 Quality of supply regulation in Norway (II) Minimization of total socio-economic costs (fig)(fig) Monitoring number and duration of interruptions > 3 minutes according to the FASIT reporting system Standardized method for estimation of energy not supplied (ENS) per delivery point Revenue regulation from 1997: Annual cost reductions of 1,5 - 4,5 % through 2001. From 2002: 1,5 – 5,3 %. Quality dependent revenue caps from 2001: The Cost of Energy Not Supplied arrangement (CENS) Further quality of supply regulations expected from 2004

5. SINTEF Energy Research 5 Reporting of faults and interruptions Fault statistics 33 – 420 kV Fault statistics 1 – 22 kV Interruption statistics Mandatory Fault analysis after forced outages is mandatory

6. SINTEF Energy Research 6 Used by all network companies in Norway 5 software vendors have developed FASIT software Software quality assurance (contracts and acceptance test) Standard for collection and reporting - FASIT

7. SINTEF Energy Research 7 Definitions - agreement Quality of supply Reliability of supply (FASIT) Voltage quality (EN50160) Definitions related to faults Fault, types of faults, failure causes, repair time etc. Definitions related to interruptions Interruption, interruption duration, energy not supplied etc.

8. SINTEF Energy Research 8 Utilization of fault statistics Fault Failure cause Component Voltage level Interruption No interruption Forced outage Maintenance Planned disconnection CENS ENS Affected end- user groups Responsible company End-user Network level/type

9. SINTEF Energy Research 9 Utilization of fault and interruption statistics in progress Network companies Regulator (NVE) History: Reporting for national statistics – less internal use Present: Reporting (mandatory) CENS (economy) Future: Optimization - Maintenance - Operation - Investments Benchmarking From 1995: Monitoring of reliability of supply Basis for further regulations From 2001: CENS From 2004: Further regulations: - Reliability of supply and voltage quality -Minimum standards? Benchmarking

10. SINTEF Energy Research 10 End of presentation gerd.kjolle@sintef.no

11. SINTEF Energy Research 11 Socio – economic optimization Total costs optimum Total Investment costs Interruption costs (IC) Electrical losses O & M costs Reliability level

12. SINTEF Energy Research 12 Mandatory reporting of interruptions Annual reports of interruptions > 3 minutes, due to: Forced outages Planned disconnections Based on recordings per delivery point: Number and annual duration Energy not supplied (ENS) and CENS Average interruption indices for end-users connected to five different types of network: Main grid Regional network Distribution network: Overhead, Cable, Mixed

13. SINTEF Energy Research 13 Business- vs sosioeconomic optimisation B Source: NVE A

14. SINTEF Energy Research 14 Interruptions in overhead vs cable networks, average 1995 - 2000 Norway

15. SINTEF Energy Research 15 Comparison Nordic countries

16. SINTEF Energy Research 16 Energy not supplied 1996 - 2001 Norway

17. SINTEF Energy Research 17 Operations statistics for maintenance purposes Operating history: Age, manufacture, maintenance etc.