1. 11 The Brain zModule 4 zSlides from Myers, Runyan, McCubbin, and Jones

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3. 33 Brain Trivia The adult brain weighs about 3 pounds. The average number of neurons in the brain = 100 billion. The average number of glial cells in the brain = 10-50 times the number of neurons. A newborn baby’s brain is as soft and gooey as tapioca pudding!

4. 44 Techniques to Study the Brain A brain lesion experimentally destroys brain tissue to study animal behaviors after such destruction. Hubel (1990)

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6. 6 I’d rather have a bottle in front of me than a frontal lobotomy. Link 5:11 6

7. 77 Electroencephalogram (EEG) An amplified recording of the electrical waves sweeping across the brain’s surface, measured by electrodes placed on the scalp.

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9. 99 CT (computed tomography) Scan a series of x-ray photographs taken from different angles and combined by computer into a composite representation of a slice through the body; also called CAT

10. 10 Imaging Technologies

11. 11 PET Scan PET (positron emission tomography) Scan is a visual display of brain activity that detects a radioactive form of glucose while the brain performs a given task. Courtesy of National Brookhaven National Laboratories

12. 12 PET Scan

13. 13 PET Scan Link PET scan and language 6:26

14. 14 MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) A technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images that distinguish among different types of soft tissue; allows us to see structures within the brain

15. 15 MRI Scan Link 7:25 twins share brain parts

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17. 17 fMRI - Functional MRI Compares MRI scans taken less than a second apart Detects blood moving to active parts of the brain Shows brain function

18. 18 Image shows brain regions when a participants lies.

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20. 20 The Brain  Brainstem  the oldest part and central core of the brain, beginning where the spinal cord swells as it enters the skull  responsible for automatic survival functions  Pinky and the Brainstem 1:23 Pinky and the Brainstem

21. 21 Brain Stem The Medulla is the base of the brainstem that controls heartbeat and breathing. Reticular Formation is a nerve network in the brainstem that plays an important role in controlling arousal & attention.

22. 22 Brain Stem The Thalamus is the brain’s sensory switchboard, located on top of the brainstem. It directs messages to the sensory areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla.

23. 23 The “little brain” attached to the rear of the brainstem. It helps coordinate voluntary movements and balance. Cerebellum

24. 24 The Limbic System is a doughnut-shaped system of neural structures at the border of the brainstem and cerebrum, associated with emotions such as fear, aggression and drives for food and sex. It includes the hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus. The Limbic System

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26. 26 Amygdala The Amygdala [ah-MIG- dah-la] consists of two almond-shaped neural clusters linked to the emotions of fear and anger.

27. 27 Amygdala and Emotion zIdentify emotion from facial expressions Amygdala damage makes this task difficult

28. 28 Figure 2.19 The amygdala Myers: Psychology, Eighth Edition Copyright © 2007 by Worth Publishers

29. 29 Hypothalamus The Hypothalamus lies below (hypo) the thalamus. It directs several maintenance activities like eating, drinking, body temperature, and control of emotions. It helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland. "TALE of the hypothalamus": Temperature Appetite Libido Emotion

30. 30 Rats cross an electrified grid for self-stimulation when electrodes are placed in the reward (hypothalamus) center (top picture). Reward Center Sanjiv Talwar, SUNY Downstate

31. 31 Mnemonic zLimbo is your reward!

32. 32 Hippocampus zImportant for memory zDamage may cause anterograde amnesia zLink 9:58Link

33. 33 The Cerebral Cortex zCerebral Cortex ythe intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells that covers the cerebral hemispheres ythe body’s ultimate control and information processing center zGlial Cells ycells in the nervous system that are not neurons but that support, nourish, and protect neurons

34. 34 Figure 2.24 The cerebral cortex Myers: Psychology, Eighth Edition Copyright © 2007 by Worth Publishers

35. 35 Structure of the Cortex Each brain hemisphere is divided into four lobes that are separated by prominent fissures.

36. 36 Mnemonic video zhttp://www.thepsychfiles.com/2008/09/ep isode-72-video-memorize-the-parts-of- the-brain/http://www.thepsychfiles.com/2008/09/ep isode-72-video-memorize-the-parts-of- the-brain/

37. 37 The Cerebral Cortex zFrontal Lobes yinvolved in speaking and muscle movements and in making plans and judgments zParietal Lobes yinclude the sensory cortex zOccipital Lobes yinclude the visual areas, which receive visual information from the opposite visual field zTemporal Lobes yinclude the auditory areas Link Frontal lobe development at PBS Link Frontal lobe development at PBS 13:33

38. 38 The Cerebral Cortex zMotor Cortex yarea at the rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movements zSensory Cortex yarea at the front of the parietal lobes that registers and processes body sensations

39. 39 The Cerebral Cortex

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42. 42 Visual and Auditory Cortex Auditory cortex Visual cortex

43. 43 The Visual Cortex

44. 44 Visual Function

45. 45 Association Areas zareas of the cerebral cortex that are not involved in primary motor or sensory functions zinvolved in higher mental functions.

46. 46 Figure 4.16 Phineas Gage reconsidered Myers: Exploring Psychology, Seventh Edition In Modules Copyright © 2008 by Worth Publishers Link Phineas Gage at Learner.orgLink Phineas Gage at Learner.org 13:14 Link Phineas Gage at PBSLink Phineas Gage at PBS 8:50 Phineas Gage

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49. 49 The Cerebral Cortex Aphasia impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to Broca’s area (impairing speaking) or to Wernicke’s area (impairing understanding) Broca’s Area Link Link an area of the left frontal lobe that directs the muscle movements involved in speech Wernicke’s Area Link Link an area of the left temporal lobe involved in language comprehension Link 7:44 Link 7:44

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52. 52 Mnemonics I don’t understand Wernicke. "Broca": your speech machinery is Broken. · Broca is wanting to speak, but articulation doesn't work, and very slow. "Wer-nick": "were" and "nick" are both words of English language, but together they are nonsensical. · Wernick is having good articulation, but saying words that don't make sense together. ---Robert O'Connor University College Dublin

53. 53 Specialization and Integration

54. 54 Specialization & Integration Brain activity when hearing, seeing, and speaking words

55. 55 The brain is sculpted by our genes but also by our experiences. Plasticity refers to the brain’s ability to modify itself after some type of injury or illness. The Brain’s Plasticity Link Half a brain at PBS Hydrocephaly at Learner.org LinkLink 44:11

56. 56 Split Brain  a condition in which the two hemispheres of the brain are isolated by cutting the corpus Callosum.  Sperry and Gazzaniga are key researchers in this area.

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58. 58 Our Divided Brain Our brain is divided into two hemispheres. The left hemisphere processes reading, writing, speaking, mathematics, and comprehension skills. In the 1960s, it was termed as the dominant brain.

59. 59 Split Brain Patients With the corpus callosum severed, objects (apple) presented in the right visual field can be named. Objects (pencil) in the left visual field cannot.

60. 60 Fun with your Hemispheres zRotate your dominant hand in one direction while at the same time rotating the opposite foot in the other direction. yNo problem since controlled by two hemispheres zNow, rotate your dominant hand in one direction while at the same time rotating the foot on the same side in the other direction.

61. 61 Split Brain “Look at the dot.” Two words separated by a dot are momentarily projected. “What word did you see?” or “Point with your left hand to the word you saw.”

62. 62 Figure 2.38 Try this! Myers: Psychology, Eighth Edition Copyright © 2007 by Worth Publishers

63. 63 Split brain links zhttp://www.learner.org/vod/vod_ window.html?pid=1573http://www.learner.org/vod/vod_ window.html?pid=1573 zhttp://www.youtube.com/watch? v=ZMLzP1VCANohttp://www.youtube.com/watch? v=ZMLzP1VCANo zhttp://www.youtube.com/watch? v=k09bvGv0roo&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch? v=k09bvGv0roo&feature=related

64. 64 Non-Split Brains Our brains are lateralized. A number of brain scan studies show normal individuals engage their right brain when completing a spatial, artistic or musical task and their left brain when carrying out a linguistic or logical task. The Divided Brain on TED 11:48 The Divided Brain on TED

65. 65 Link Gender Diff at Nat. Geo Link Gender Diff at Nat. Geo 4:46

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68. 68 Unnumbered 2.1 Which one is happier? Myers: Psychology, Eighth Edition Copyright © 2007 by Worth Publishers

69. 69 Brain Organization & Handedness Is handedness inherited? Yes. Archival and historic studies, as well as modern medical studies, show that the right hand is preferred. This suggests genes and/or prenatal factors influence handedness.

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71. 71 Is it ok to be Left Handed? The percentage of left-handed individuals decreases sharply in samples of older people.

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73. 73 Scientist suffers a stroke zhttp://www.ted.com/talks/jill_bolte_taylor _s_powerful_stroke_of_insight.html 18:41http://www.ted.com/talks/jill_bolte_taylor _s_powerful_stroke_of_insight.html

74. 74 VS Ramchandran on the connection between brain tissue and the mind zhttp://www.ted.com/talks/vilayanur_rama chandran_on_your_mind.htmlhttp://www.ted.com/talks/vilayanur_rama chandran_on_your_mind.html

75. 75 Plasticity at google talks 1:05.21 zhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7tRdD qXgsJ0&feature=related&safety_mode=tr ue&persist_safety_mode=1&safe=activehttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7tRdD qXgsJ0&feature=related&safety_mode=tr ue&persist_safety_mode=1&safe=active