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Personality Chapter 13 ©1999 Prentice Hall Personality 4/24/2017

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1 Personality Chapter 13 ©1999 Prentice Hall Personality 4/24/2017

2 Measuring Personality
4/24/2017 Measuring Personality Genetic influences on personality. Environmental influences on personality. Cultural influences on personality. Psychodynamic influences on personality. The inner experience. ©1999 Prentice Hall ©1999 Prentice Hall

3 Defining Personality and Traits.
4/24/2017 Defining Personality and Traits. Personality Distinctive and relatively stable pattern of behaviors, thoughts, motives, and emotions that characterizes an individual throughout life. Trait A characteristic of an individual, describing a habitual way of behaving, thinking, and feeling. ©1999 Prentice Hall ©1999 Prentice Hall

4 Projective Tests Projective tests
Personality 4/24/2017 Projective Tests Projective tests Based on the assumption that the test taker will transfer (“project”)unconscious conflicts and motives onto an ambiguous stimulus. Examples include the Thematic Apperception Test and the Rorschach ©1999 Prentice Hall ©1999 Prentice Hall

5 Thematic Apperception Test
Personality 4/24/2017 Thematic Apperception Test Person is asked to tell a story about the “hero” in the picture Another projective test Based on Murray’s personality theory People are distinguished by the needs that motivate their behavior Figure 15-4 from: Kassin, S. (1998). Psychology, second edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. ©1999 Prentice Hall ©1999 Prentice Hall

6 The Rorschach Inkblot Test
Personality 4/24/2017 The Rorschach Inkblot Test Ambiguous stimuli Person is asked to report what they see This type of test is called projective No clear image, so the things you see must be “projected” from inside yourself Figure 15-3 from: Kassin, S. (1998). Psychology, second edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Sample Rorschach Card ©1999 Prentice Hall ©1999 Prentice Hall

7 Objective Personality Scales
4/24/2017 Objective Personality Scales Answer a series of question about self ‘I am easily embarrassed’ T or F ‘I like to go to parties’ T or F Assumes that you can accurately report There are no right or wrong answers From responses, develop a picture of you called a ‘personality profile’ ©1999 Prentice Hall ©1999 Prentice Hall

8 Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
4/24/2017 Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory Most widely used personality instrument Now the MMPI - 2 Clinical & Employment settings Measures aspects of personality that, if extreme, suggest a problem e.g., extreme suspiciousness Long test ‑ 567 questions ©1999 Prentice Hall ©1999 Prentice Hall

9 Characteristics of the MMPI‑2
Personality 4/24/2017 Characteristics of the MMPI‑2 Has several different scales (multiphasic) Scales thought to measure different kinds of psychological disorders e.g., depression Scale scores indicate how you compare with others Overall assessment is interpretive From inspecting profile of different scales ©1999 Prentice Hall ©1999 Prentice Hall

10 MMPI Score Profile ©1999 Prentice Hall Personality 4/24/2017

11 Personality 4/24/2017 MMPI Validity Scales Four scales designed to determine whether respondent is presenting self accurately. Example: L scale (‘Fake Good’) - Trying too hard to present self in a positive light. “I smile at everyone I meet” (T) “I read every editorial every day” (T) ©1999 Prentice Hall ©1999 Prentice Hall

12 “Big Five” Personality Dimensions
4/24/2017 “Big Five” Personality Dimensions Extroversion Agreeableness Conscientiousness / Dependability Emotional Stability Culture / Intellect / Openness Source: Tupes, E. C., & Christal, R. W. (1961). Recurrent personality factors based on trait ratings. USAF ASD Technical Report, No ©1999 Prentice Hall ©1999 Prentice Hall

13 Personality 4/24/2017 MMPI Sample Items I usually feel that life is worthwhile and interesting Depression Evil people are trying to influence my mind Paranoia I seem to hear things that other people can’t hear Schizophrenia ©1999 Prentice Hall ©1999 Prentice Hall

14 Genetic Influences on Personality
4/24/2017 Genetic Influences on Personality Defining personality and traits. Heredity and temperament. Heredity and traits. ©1999 Prentice Hall ©1999 Prentice Hall

15 Genetic Influences on Personality
4/24/2017 Genetic Influences on Personality 123 pairs of identical twins and 127 pairs of fraternal twins Measured on “Big Five” personality dimensions Results suggest that personality differences in the population are % genetically determined. Figure 15-9 from: Kassin, S. (1998). Psychology, second edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Source: Lang, K. L., Livesley, W. J., & Vernon, P. A. (1996). Heritability of the Big Five personality dimensions and their facets: A twin study. Journal of Personality, 64, ©1999 Prentice Hall ©1999 Prentice Hall

16 Heredity and Temperament
Personality 4/24/2017 Heredity and Temperament Temperaments Physiological dispositions to respond to the environment in certain ways. Present in infancy and assumed to be innate. Includes: Reactivity Soothability Positive and Negative Emotionality Temperaments are relatively stable over time. ©1999 Prentice Hall ©1999 Prentice Hall

17 Heredity and Traits Heritability
Personality 4/24/2017 Heredity and Traits Heritability A statistical estimate of the proportion of the total variance in some trait that is attributable to genetic differences among individuals within a group. Heritability of personality traits is about 50%. Within a group of people, about 50 % of the variation associated with a given trait is attributable to genetic differences among individuals in the group. Genetic predisposition is not genetic inevitability. ©1999 Prentice Hall ©1999 Prentice Hall

18 Environmental Influences on Personality
4/24/2017 Environmental Influences on Personality The power of parents. The power of peers. Situations and circumstances. ©1999 Prentice Hall ©1999 Prentice Hall

19 Personality 4/24/2017 The Power of Parents The shared environment of the home has little influence on personality. The nonshared environment is a more important influence. Few parents have a single child-rearing style that is consistent over time and that they use with all children. Even when parents try to be consistent in the way they treat their children, there may be little relation between what they do and how their children turn out. ©1999 Prentice Hall ©1999 Prentice Hall

20 Personality 4/24/2017 The Power of Peers Adolescent culture includes different peer groups organized by different interests. Peer acceptance is so important to children and adolescents that being bullied, victimized or rejected by peers is far more traumatic that punitive treatment by parents. ©1999 Prentice Hall ©1999 Prentice Hall

21 Situations and Circumstances
Personality 4/24/2017 Situations and Circumstances People routinely reveal all of the big five traits in their everyday behavior. Why are there variations in individual expressions of traits? Depending on context, some behaviors are rewarded and others are not. Reciprocal determinism In social-cognitive theories, the two way interaction between aspects of the environment and aspects of the environment and aspects of the individual in the shaping of personality traits. ©1999 Prentice Hall ©1999 Prentice Hall

22 Reciprocal determinism
Personality 4/24/2017 Reciprocal determinism ©1999 Prentice Hall ©1999 Prentice Hall

23 Cultural Influences on Personality
4/24/2017 Cultural Influences on Personality Culture, values and traits. Customs in context. Aggressiveness and altruism. ©1999 Prentice Hall ©1999 Prentice Hall

24 Culture, Values, and Traits
Personality 4/24/2017 Culture, Values, and Traits Culture A program of shared rules that govern the behavior of members of a community or society, and a set of values, beliefs and attitudes shared by most members or that community. ©1999 Prentice Hall ©1999 Prentice Hall

25 Culture, Values, and Traits
Personality 4/24/2017 Culture, Values, and Traits Individualistic culture Cultures in which the self is regarded as autonomous, and individual goals and wishes are prized above duty and relations with others. Collectivistic culture Cultures in which the self is regarded as embedded in relationships, and harmony with one’s group is prized above individual goals and wishes. ©1999 Prentice Hall ©1999 Prentice Hall

26 Personality 4/24/2017 Customs in Context When culture isn’t appropriately considered, people attribute unusual behavior to personality. Examples include bathing and tardiness. monochronic cultures time is ordered sequentially, schedules and deadlines values over people. polychronic cultures Time is ordered horizontally, people valued over schedules and deadline. ©1999 Prentice Hall ©1999 Prentice Hall

27 Personality 4/24/2017 Aggressiveness Emphasis on aggressiveness and vigilance in herding cultures, creates culture of honor. Used to example increased likelihood of fighting in the South, and the West versus the North and Midwest ©1999 Prentice Hall ©1999 Prentice Hall

28 Personality 4/24/2017 Altruism Culture also strong influence on moral behavior. American children were less likely to be altruistic when compared with children from Kenya, India, Mexico, the Phillipines and Okinawa. ©1999 Prentice Hall ©1999 Prentice Hall

29 Psychodynamic Influences on Personality
4/24/2017 Psychodynamic Influences on Personality Defining key terms. Freud and psychoanalysis. Other psychodynamic approaches. ©1999 Prentice Hall ©1999 Prentice Hall

30 Key terms Psychodynamic theories Psychoanalysis
Personality 4/24/2017 Key terms Psychodynamic theories Explain behavior and personality in terms of unconscious energy dynamics within the individual. Psychoanalysis A theory of personality and method of psychotherapy developed by Sigmund Freud. Emphasize unconscious motives and conflicts. ©1999 Prentice Hall ©1999 Prentice Hall

31 The Structure of Personality
4/24/2017 The Structure of Personality Id: Operates according to the pleasure principle Primitive and unconscious part of personality Ego: Operates according to the reality principle Mediates between id and superego Superego: Moral ideals and conscience Figure 15-1 from: Kassin, S. (1998). Psychology, second edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. ©1999 Prentice Hall ©1999 Prentice Hall

32 Personality 4/24/2017 Figure 11-1 from: Morris, C.G., & Maisto, A. A. (1998). Psychology: An Introduction, 10th edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. ©1999 Prentice Hall

33 Defense Mechanisms Repression Projection Displacement
Personality 4/24/2017 Defense Mechanisms Repression Projection Displacement Reaction formation Regression Denial ©1999 Prentice Hall ©1999 Prentice Hall

34 The Development of Personality
4/24/2017 The Development of Personality Freud’s stages Oral Anal Phallic Latency period Genital Fixation occurs when stages aren’t resolved successfully. ©1999 Prentice Hall ©1999 Prentice Hall

35 Other Psychodynamic Approaches
Personality 4/24/2017 Other Psychodynamic Approaches Jungian Theory Collective unconscious The universal memories, symbols, and experiences of human kind, represented in the archetypes or universal symbolic images that appear in myths, art, stories, and dreams. 2 important archetypes are maleness and females which he believed existed in both sexes. ©1999 Prentice Hall ©1999 Prentice Hall

36 Other Psychodynamic Approaches
Personality 4/24/2017 Other Psychodynamic Approaches The Object-Relations School Emphasizes the importance of the infants first two years of life and the baby’s formative relationships. Especially with the mother. `Emphasized children’s needs for a powerful mother and to be in relationships. ©1999 Prentice Hall ©1999 Prentice Hall

37 Evaluating Psychodynamic Theories
Personality 4/24/2017 Evaluating Psychodynamic Theories Three scientific failings. Violating the principle of falsifiability. Drawing universal principles from the experiences of a few atypical patients. Basing theories of personality development on retrospective accounts and the fallible memories of patients. ©1999 Prentice Hall ©1999 Prentice Hall

38 The Humanistic Approach
Personality 4/24/2017 The Humanistic Approach Abraham Maslow. Carl Rodgers. Rollo May. Evaluating Humanists. ©1999 Prentice Hall ©1999 Prentice Hall

39 Abraham Maslow Humanist psychology Peak experiences
Personality 4/24/2017 Abraham Maslow Humanist psychology An approach that emphasizes personal growth,, resilience, and the achievement of human potential. Peak experiences Rare moments of rapture cause by the attainment of excellence or the experience of beauty. ©1999 Prentice Hall ©1999 Prentice Hall

40 Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Personality 4/24/2017 Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Self-Actualization Physiological Safety Belongingness Esteem ©1999 Prentice Hall ©1999 Prentice Hall

41 Carl Rodgers Unconditional Positive Regard Conditional Positive Regard
Personality 4/24/2017 Carl Rodgers Unconditional Positive Regard A situation in which the acceptance and love one receives from significant others is unqualified Conditional Positive Regard A situation in which the acceptance and love one receives from significant others is contingent upon one’s behavior ©1999 Prentice Hall ©1999 Prentice Hall

42 Carl Rogers’ Personality Theory
4/24/2017 Carl Rogers’ Personality Theory Figure 15-6 from: Kassin, S. (1998). Psychology, second edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. The needs for self-actualization and positive regard create a potential for conflict. ©1999 Prentice Hall ©1999 Prentice Hall

43 Self-Discrepancy Theory
Personality 4/24/2017 Self-Discrepancy Theory Figure 15-7 from: Kassin, S. (1998). Psychology, second edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Self-esteem is defined by the match between how we see ourselves and how we want to see ourselves ©1999 Prentice Hall ©1999 Prentice Hall

44 Personality 4/24/2017 Rollo May Shared with humanists the belief in free will and freedom of choice but also emphasized loneliness, anxiety and alienation. Extistentialism Free will confers on us responsibility for our actions. ©1999 Prentice Hall ©1999 Prentice Hall

45 Personality 4/24/2017 Evaluating Humanists Hard to operationally define many of the concepts. Have added balance to the study of personality. The approach has encouraged others to focus on “positive psychology.” The argument that we have the power to choose our own destiny has fostered a new appreciation for resilience. ©1999 Prentice Hall ©1999 Prentice Hall

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