1. Characteristics assumed to describe a person across many situations
Traits
Characteristics assumed to describe a person across many situations

2. Brainstorm
List five of your most dominant traits…

3. So how does personality develop?
Lets take a look at 2 theories

4. Freud & Personality His theory is known as psychodynamic
Emphasizes the movement of psychological energy within the person in the form of attachments, conflicts, and motivation
Today’s theories are different but all focus on unconscious processes going on in the mind

5. Freud’s theory consists of 3 major systems: the id, ego, superego
Id-inherited psychic energy, sexual & aggressive instinct
Ego-represents reason, good sense, & rational self control
Superego-represents conscience, morality, and social standards

6. According to Freud a healthy system keeps all 3 in balance.
If a person feels anxious or threatened when the wishes of the id conflict with social rules, the ego has weapons at its command to relieve the tension….these weapons are defense mechanisms….

7. Defense Mechanisms Repression
Pushing painful memories or unacceptable thoughts and motives that causes the ego too much anxiety

8. Projection Reaction formation Inner feelings are thrown outside
Saying that people don’t like you, when in reality you may not like yourself.
Reaction formation
Involves replacing an unacceptable feeling or urge with its opposite
Women who are very strong but lessen their power to please the men in her life

9. Regression
Going back to an earlier and less mature pattern of behavior, usually when under a lot of pressure, act in ways that worked for them before
Throwing temper tantrums

10. Denial
Displacement
Occurs when the object of an unconscious wish provokes anxiety
Wanting to hit your father out of anger but hit your brother instead

11. Jung’s psychodynamic approach
Believed that all human beings shared “a vast collective unconscious” that contains universal memories, symbols, images, and themes called archetypes.
Example of an archetype is the Wicked Witch (meaning of evil)

12. People are motivated by past but also future goals and a desire to fulfill themselves….

13. Object Relation Theory
Developed by Melanie Klein and D. W. Winnicott
Central problem in life is to find balance between the need for independence and the need for others
The we react to finding this balance is traced back to our 1-2 year of life.

14. Nice theories but how do you evaluate them?
Most see theories as metaphors not scientific explanations
Psychodynamic theories are guilty of:
Violating the principle of falsifiability
Drawing universal principles form the experience of a few
Basing theories of retrospective accounts and fallible memories

15. Modern Study of Personality
Type A, Type B, Type T
Personality Tests

16. Allport’s Trait Theory Individual traits make people unique
*Central traits--characteristic ways of behavior (5-10; ways of behaving; ways of dealing with others; reacting to situations; views on the world; etc.)
*Secondary traits--the more changeable aspects of personality (music preferences; habits; casual opinions, etc.)

17. The Big Five Extroversion vs. Introversion
While psychologists argue whether or not there anywhere from three to nine central personality traits, most agree on these five:
Extroversion vs. Introversion
2. Neuroticism (negative emotionality) vs. Emotional Stability
3. Agreeableness vs. Antagonism
4. Conscientiousness vs. Impulsiveness
5. Openness to Experience vs. Resistance to New Experience

18. Rate Your Traits
Take the personality test of page 51 to evaluate your BIG 5….

19. Personality Tests Unscientific test of personality types:
How people will work
Whether they will get along with others
Whether they will be successful leaders
Matchmaking
Roomates in college

20. Reflect on your own personality type…
Take the General Personality Test – see handout

21. Personality Tests- measures of personality traits that are scientifically valid and useful…
Objective Tests
*Standardized questions with written responses
*Scales in which people rate themselves
Factor Analysis
*Statistical method that measures intercorrelations
*Clusters of measures that are scored to measure the same underlying trait

22. Genetic Influences on personality
Genes
Temperaments
Behavioral genetics
Studies concerned with the genetic bases of individual differences in behavior and personality

23. Environmental Influences on Personality
Social-cognitive theory
Personality traits result from a person’s learning history and his expectations, beliefs, perception of events and other cognitions

24. Parental Influence
There was the belief that parents were the sole determining factor of a child’s behavior however new evidence suggests other wise:
The shared environment of the home has little if any influence on personality
Few parents are consistent in child rearing styles
Even with consistency, there may be little relation btw what they do and how the children turn out.

25. Peer Influence
The way kids act at home is different from the way they act around friends…
Non shared environments often leads kids to act differently.

26. Are you a “different person” when you are alone, with your parents, hanging out with friends, in class, or at a party? If so, in what ways? Do you have a “secret self” that you do not show your family?

27. Cultural Influence on Personality
What is culture?
Shared rules that govern behavior of members and set values, beliefs and attitude
Individualist v. collectivist
Individual goals are prized about duty and relations with others v. self is in harmony with one’s group and prized above individual goals

28. Approaches to Personality
Humanist psychology-emphasizes personal growth, resilience, and the achievenment of human potential
Maslow’s hierachy of needs and self-actualiztion
The “inner peace” experience