1. Sample Variability Consider the small population of integers {0, 2, 4, 6, 8} It is clear that the mean, μ = 4. Suppose we did not know the population mean and wanted to estimate it with a sample mean with sample size 2. (We will use sampling with replacement) We take one sample and get sample mean, ū 1 = (0+2)/2 = 1 and take another sample and get a sample mean ū 2 = (4+6)/2 = 5. Why are these sample means different? Are they good estimates of the true mean of the population? What is the probability that we take a random sample and get a sample mean that would exactly equal the true mean of the population? 1Section 7.1, Page 137

2. Sampling Distribution Each of these samples has a sample mean, ū. These sample means respectively are as follows: P(ū = 1) = 2/25 =.08 P(ū = 4) = 5/25 =.20 2Section 7.1, Page 138

3. Sampling Distribution 3Section 7.1, Page 138 Shape is normal Mean of the sampling distribution = 4, the mean of the population

4. Sampling Distributions and Central Limit Theorem 4Section 7.2, Page 141 Sample sizes ≥ 30 will assure a normal distribution. Alternate notation:

5. Central Limit Theorem 5Section 7.2, Page 144

6. Central Limit Theorem 6Section 7.2, Page 145

7. Calculating Probabilities for the Mean Kindergarten children have heights that are approximately normally distributed about a mean of 39 inches and a standard deviation of 2 inches. A random sample of 25 is taken. What is the probability that the sample mean is between 38.5 and 40 inches? P(38.5 < sample mean <40) = NORMDIST 1 LOWER BOUND = 38.5 UPPER BOUND = 40 MEAN =39 ANSWER: 0.8881 7Section 7.3, Page 147

8. Calculating Middle 90% Kindergarten children have heights that are approximately normally distributed about a mean of 39 inches and a standard deviation of 2 inches. A random sample of 25 is taken. Find the interval that includes the middle 90% of all sample means for the sample of kindergarteners. NORMDIST 2 AREA FROM LEFT = 0.05 MEAN = 39 ANSWER: 38.3421 NORMDIST 2 AREA FROM LEFT =.95 MEAN = 39 ANSWER: 39.6579 The interval (38.3 inches, 39.7 inches) contains the middle 90% of all sample means. If we choose a random sample, there is a 90% probability that it will be in the interval. 8Section 7.3, Page 147 Sampling Distribution

9. Problems 9Problems, Page 149

10. Problems 10Problems, Page 150

11. Problems 11Problems, Page 151