1. Italy’s Political Decline The French Invasions from 1494-1527

3. Treaty of Lodi 1454 Milan and Naples into an alliance with Florence Against Venice and the Papal States Balance of power

4. Conflict Milanese Despot Hostilities between Milan and Naples resumed Treaty of Lodi ended-Naples supported by Pope Alexander VI and Florence prepared to invade Milan

5. Ludovico il Moro Milanese Despot Appealed to aid from the French Invited French to invade Italy and revive their dynastic claim to Naples France also had claims on Milan

6. Charles VIII of France 1483-1498 Responded quickly to Ludovicos call Crossed the Alps through Florence and the Papal States to Naples

8. Giraloma Savonarola 1452-1498 As Charles approached Florence the Medici ruler was thrown out in favor of savonarola Savonarola convinced the Florentines that the French Kings arrival was a long delayed and fully justified divine judgment for their immorality

9. End of Savonarola Savonarola’s moral rigor and anti- papal policies made it impossible for him to survive indefinitely Savonarola was executed in May of 1498

10. League of Venice 1498 Made up of Spain (Ferdinand) which desired to gain territory in Italy and drive the French out, Venice, the Papal States and the holy roman emperor Joined later by Ludovico il Moro of Milan Pushed Charles the VIII out in 1498

11. Pope Alexander VI 1492-1503 Probably the most corrupt Pope of the time Saw that a French alliance could help him regain lost territory in Romagna Agreed to abandon the league of Venice Louis XII of France invaded Milan in 1499 Ludovico in jail Alexander VI and his son Cesare Borgia conquered Romagna

13. Pope Julius II 1503-1513 Suppressed the Borgias and put Romagna under Papal Authority Warrior Pope Erasmus Julius excluded from heaven

14. Francis I 1515-1547 France again invaded Italy in 1515 French massacred Swiss soliders Concordat of Bologna 1516 French King gained control over the French clergy France recognized Pope over Councils Pope received annates from France

15. Niccolo Machiavelli 1469-1527 Convinced that Italian political unity and independence were ends that justified any means Only a strong man could impose order on such a divided and selfish people

16. Cesare Borgia Machiavelli’s hero for what he and his father Alexander VI did in Romagna

17. Pope Leo X 1513-1521 Machiavelli hoped to see a strong ruler emerge from the Medici family