1. Relative clauses

2. Relative pronouns connect a relative clause to a main clause
who, whom: refer to people
which, that: refer to animals and things
(sometimes also who)
whom – very unusual, esp. in in informal English, generally ommited or replaced with who, placed after a preposition
whose: possessive, for people or things
where: after nouns referring to place
when: after nouns referirng to time
why: after the word reason
where / when can often replace in / on / at which: I think that´s the church where / in which my grandparents were married.
Pozor!!! WHAT = "the thing that" – NENÍ VZTAŽNÉ ZÁJMENO (př.: I´ll explain what he said. What I like for breakfast is hot buttered toast.)

3. Defining relative clauses
give us the necessary information to know which person or thing is referred to.
I did the work (that/which) he asked me to do.
in this type of clause there is no comma
often used in definitions
who is used for people
that or which can be used in these clauses
BUT the pronoun can be omitted if it is an object:
The boy (who/whom) we met yesterday is John´s nephew.
EXAMPLES:
We know a lot of people who live in London.
The house where we live is very old.
Peter works for a company that / which makes furniture.
A seaman is someone who works on a ship.
Do you know the girl who is talking to Tom?

4. Non-defining clauses
give us additional, extra information about the person or thing, but do not define it
we use commas
that can´t be used !!!!
object pronouns must be used and can´t be left out
We stayed at the Park Hotel, which is the best hotel in the town.
EXAMPLES:
Jim, who/whom we met yesterday, is John´s nephew.
Do you know the girl, who is talking to Tom?
My brother Jim, who is a doctor, is getting married next month.
Jake, who lives next door to Melanie, is rather strange.
The Grand Canyon, which is over 200 miles long, is one of the wonders of the world.

5. I have three brothers.
My brother who lives in Sydney came to see me last month.
My brother, who lives in Sydney, came to see me last month.
I have one sister.
My sister who is 25 years old spent her holiday in France.
My sister, who is 25 years old, spent her holiday in France.
Bob´s mum has lost her keys.
Bob´s mum who is a musician has lost her car keys.
Bob´s mum, who is a musician, has lost her car keys.
My friend Jane moved to Canada.
My friend Jane whose husband is Canadian moved to Canada last week.
My friedn Jane, whose husband is Canadian, moved to Canada last week.
I am a shoe fanatic The shoes which I bought yesterday are very comfortable.
The shoes, which I bought yesterday, are very comfortable.
Mr Robinson is very famous.
Mr Robinson whom I met at the trade fair is a famous inventor.
Mr Robinson, whom I met at the trade fair, is a famous inventor.
Tamara has two cats. Both of them are black.
Tamara´s two cats which can play outside are black.
Tamara´s two cats, which can play outside, are black.
Kevin has four cats. Two of them are black.
Kevin´s two cats which are black can play outside.
Kevin´s two cats, which are black, can play outside.
We are on holiday. Yesterday we visited a church.
The church which we visited yesterday is very old.
The church, which we visited yesterday, is very old.
St. Mary´s Church which we visited yesterday is very old.
St. Mary´s Church, which we visited yesterday, is very old.