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The English Monarchy (871-1066). House of Wessex King Aethelwulf: King of Wessex (849-899) “King Alfred the Great” He was the Anglo-Saxon king who defeated.

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Presentation on theme: "The English Monarchy (871-1066). House of Wessex King Aethelwulf: King of Wessex (849-899) “King Alfred the Great” He was the Anglo-Saxon king who defeated."— Presentation transcript:

1 The English Monarchy (871-1066)

2 House of Wessex King Aethelwulf: King of Wessex (849-899) “King Alfred the Great” He was the Anglo-Saxon king who defeated the Vikings (Danish) and drove them out of England. He founded the first English Navy. He created the boundaries of England through a treaty with the Danes.

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4 House of Wessex King Edward (871-924) “The Elder” Became king of the West Saxons from 899-924) He reconquered southeast England and the Midlands from the Danes His sister, Aethlfleda, attacked the Vikings and captured most of Wales.

5 House of Wessex King Athelstan (895-940) Became king of England in 924 He gave his sister in marriage to the Viking King of York to expand England. He invaded Scotland and became ruler of all of Britian.

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7 House of Wessex King Edmund (922-946) He was King of England from 939-946. He took over from his half-brother, Athelstan He expanded England’s control to contain southern Scotland He was murdered by a robber.

8 House of Wessex King Edred (923-955) He was a half-brother to King Edmund and King Athelstan by his father’s third marriage He became king from 946 to 955. He was known as being very religious and had a perpetual stomach ailment that kept him from eating well.

9 House of Wessex King Edwy (Eadwig) He was the son of King Edmund. (940-959) He was king from 955 to 959. He was a ladies’ man who didn’t even want to attend his own coronation because he was in bed with a woman and her mother. He was murdered when he was only 20 by King Canute of Sweden.

10 House of Wessex King Edgar (943-975) He was the son of King Edmund and became king from 959 to 975. He founded Westminister Abbey. He also revived the English Church.

11 House of Wessex King Edward (963-978) “The Martyr” He became king at the age of 12 and was murdered by men working for his 10 year old brother, Aethelred. He was the son of King Edgar.

12 House of Wessex King Aethelred II “The Unready” He was king from 978 to 1016. He had 13 children When the Danes attacked, he tried to buy them off, but then attacked them. They invaded the country, and he lost to King Sweyn Forkbeard, who was declared King of England. Aethelred fled to Normandy, and, a year later, he was brought back to rule when Sweyn died. Canute II, Sweyn’s son, continued attacking England.

13 House of Wessex King Edmund II “Ironside” (990-1016) He was the son of Aethelred II, and he was king for only nine months in the year of 1016. Canute II defeated him in battle, so they divided England in half, and he ruled the southern part. Soon after, he died, and Canute II became the overall king. It is believed Canute II had him murdered.

14 House of Denmark King Canute II (995- 1035) He was King of England from 1016 to 1035 and King of Denmark from 1018. He became King of Norway from 1028. He improved English trade.

15 House of Denmark King Harold “Harefoot” (1016-1040) He was the illegitimate son of Canute II He was king from 1035 to 1040. He stole the kingdom from his half-brother, Harthacnut, who was the rightful heir, by taking over while his brother was in Denmark.

16 House of Denmark King Harthacnut (1018-1042) When he arrived in England, he was declared king.

17 House of Wessex King Edward III “The Confessor” (1004-1066) He was the son of King Aethelred II, and he became king when Harthacnut died. He had lived in Normandy while the House of Denmark was in power. He allowed nobles (Earl and Harold Godwine) to run things while he focused on religion.

18 House of Wessex King Edward III Cont. Edward’s nephew, the son of King Edmund “Ironsides” died mysteriously while visiting his uncle. It was believed that the Godwines had something to do with it. So, Edward named William of Normandy as his successor. When he died, William and Harold Godwine fought over the throne.

19 House of Wessex King Harold II (1020-1066) He was the last Anglo- Saxon king before being defeated by William of Normandy after only being king for a few months.

20 Questions: What did it take to be a king during this time period? Which king was the most successful? Why? Which king was the least successful? Why? How did England grow during this time period?

21 House of Normandy King William “The Conqueror” 1028-1087 Illegitimate son of Duke Robert “the Devil,” Duke of Normandy 2 nd cousin to Edward “The Confessor” Established feudalism in England

22 House of Normandy Won many victories to keep control of Normandy (part of the French empire) He recaptured York and destroyed any villages in England that opposed him He defeated Scotland and won several attempts by his son, and other noblemen, to take the throne He fell off his horse and died in battle

23 House of Normandy King William II “Rufus” 1056-1100 Tried to recapture Normandy from his brother, Robert Extorted money from the barons, so the people hated him Malcolm II of Scotland invaded twice He was killed while hunting (his brother was the supposed killer) During this time, the First Crusade began to free the Holy Land from the Muslims.

24 House of Normandy King Henry I -1068 to 1135 He married the daughter of the King of Scotland He was known for his learning and leadership Robert attacked Henry too, but Henry defeated him and won control of Normandy Henry’s only son died at sea in the wreck of the White Ship, so, his daughter, Matilda, was going to rule.

25 House of Normandy Matilda was formerly married to the Holy Roman Emperor After he died, she married a count of the House of Anjou (Plantagenets) This family was a rival to the House of Normandy

26 House of Blois King Stephen 1097-1154 Nephew to King Henry I He took the throne from Matilda in 1135. Civil war broke out between both sides in England Matilda briefly won and was declared queen until she was defeated in 1145. Stephen acknowledged Matilda’ son, Henry, as his heir.

27 House of Angevin King Henry II 1133-1189 Stole his wife, Eleanor of Aquitane, from the French king, Louis VII, when he was only 18 They had five sons and three daughters His oldest son died at a young age, and his second son, Henry, was crowned the “Young King”

28 House of Angevin King Henry II’s crowning of his second son caused a rift between him and Thomas Becket Thomas, the Archbishop of Canterbury, had been King Henry’s best friend Thomas began speaking out against him and refused to support his proposals for stricter laws against crimes committed by the clergy In his anger, Henry asked for someone to rid him of Thomas and some knights killed him

29 House of Angevin People hated Henry II for this, and he had to do penance and claim he had no involvement to keep from getting excommunicated from the church Thomas became a saint The “Young King,” his brother, Richard, his brother, Geoffrey, and the queen rose up against the king and tried to take the throne from him. This led to Eleanor’s imprisonment for many years.

30 House of Angevin Henry was known for being a womanizer, and he even had one of his own mistresses installed in a castle with a maze in front of it, so his wife wouldn’t find her. He also had an affair with his son’s fiance, got her pregnant, and tried to replace the queen with her. Queen Eleanor was rumored to have cheated on Louis VII with Henry II’s father.

31 House of Angevin Henry II gained control of Ireland At the end of his rule, he controlled Scotland, Ireland, Wales, Anjou, Brittany, Poitou, Normandy, Maine, and Gascony Eventually, both Geoffrey and Henry (Young King) died in jousts King Henry II died of dysentary

32 House of Angevin King Richard I “The Lionheart” 1157-1199 He fought in the Third Crusade and won many battles His brother John ruled while he was gone Richard died in battle in France

33 House of Angevin King John (1166-1216) He lost Normandy and all other English territories in France to King Phillip II, Louis VII’s son He over-taxed the people and repressed them He was excommunicated for his seizing of church revenues His own barons rebelled against him twice because he went back on promises to them

34 Note Quiz: Which territories did England gain during this time period? What were the Crusades about? What were the names of the two French kings during this time period? What was the name of the only queen? Why did Eleanor, and Henry II’s sons, rebel against him?

35 House of Plantagenet King Henry III 1216-1265 Son of King John Gave tax money to the papacy and foreign friends which caused his people to rise against him He was defeated and held prisoner, but the royalist forces eventually won him back He was too weak and senile to rule after his release

36 House of Plantagenet King Edward I “Longshanks” 1239-1307 He defeated the Baron’s War (1264-1267) He recaptured Wales He reestablished rule over Scotland, despite Sir William Wallace and Robert the Bruce rising against him He built many castles during his reign

37 House of Plantagenet King Edward II 1284-1327 He was the son of Edward I He was incompetent, frivolous, and he listened too much to his friend’s advice He was defeated when he attempted to invade Scotland When he started listening to another man’s advice again, his wife, Isabella (King Philip IV of France’s daughter), and her lover Roger de Mortimer murdered him.

38 House of Plantagenet King Edward III 1312-1377 He was only 14 when his father died, and he became king Through his mother’s influence, he claimed rights to the French throne; this began the Hundred Years’ War He captured Calais from the French His son was one of the finest captains, Edward “The Black Prince” He also regained Scotland

39 House of Plantagenet He killed his mother’s lover when he was only 18 He also had his mother imprisoned for life His son, Edward, killed thousands of people in battle Edward III’s son, John of Gaunt, assumed temporary leadership when his father and Edward became sick The Black Death killed 1/3 of the population during this time period

40 House of Plantagenet King Richard II 1367-1400 He was the son of Edward “The Black Prince” He warred with Parliament over who should have absolute power (resulting in deaths on both sides) In 1380 the Peasant’s Revolt started because of the too high Poll Tax. The revolt was defeated. He had many men in power executed until his cousin, Henry Bolinbroke, returned from exile and defeated him. He was later starved to death in prison.

41 House of Lancaster King Henry IV 1366-1413 He was the son of John of Gaunt He fought constant battles during his reign due to rebellions He got leprosy/epilepsy, which many people thought he deserved because his wife was accused and convicted of being a witch. He was also hated for killing the Archbishop of York.

42 House of Lancaster King Henry V 1387-1422 He was the son of King Henry IV He invaded Normandy and won enough victories to be given a treaty (part of the Hundred Years’ War) He married Charles VI, the King of France’s, daughter and was promised to be heir to the French throne, but he died before the French king did.

43 House of Lancaster King Henry VI 1421-1471 He was only a baby when his father died At the age of 24, he married Margaret, the Count of Anjou’s daughter, and she ran his life Joan of Arc led the French revolt against him, and he lost most of his French holdings, except Calais Richard, Duke of York, got the people to rise against him, and he threw the king in prison The Hundred Years’ War ended in 1453 Henry became mentally ill

44 House of Lancaster In 1455 the War of the Roses, between the Lancasters and Yorks, began Richard of York was killed during one of the battles, but his son, Edward, continued to lead the Yorks against the Lancasters Margaret and Henry were defeated in 1461, and they fled to Scotland While in Scotland, Margaret made allies with the queen and allowed Scottish troops to destroy English villages So, in 1464 when King Henry tried to take back the throne, the English supported his capture Later, he was stabbed to death in the Tower of London

45 House of York King Edward IV 1442-1483 After taking over as king, he married Elizabeth Woodville, a widow, because he was “bewitched” by her beauty His mother and brothers hated her; she was descended from the “rumored” witch Melusina Edward’s brother, George, plotted against him, and Edward’s wife convinced him to have George drowned in a vat of wine. Richard, Edward’s youngest brother, remained very loyal and promised to help Edward’s son rule when Edward was on his death bed.

46 House of York King Edward V 1470-1483 He was king for three months He was deposed by his father’s brother, Richard, who wanted the power for himself Richard put Edward in the Tower of London; from there, he and his younger brother disappeared It’s rumored that either Richard or Henry Tudor’s mother had them suffocated

47 House of York King Richard III 1452-1458 After taking the throne, he began pursuing Kind Edward IV’s daughter as a mistress, since his own wife was sickly and had only given him one son His wife died while he was king, and he was in the process of marrying his niece when Henry Tudor, Earl of Richmond, raised a rebellion and killed Richard in battle It was rumored that Richard’s sword arm failed him due to a curse from Elizabeth Woodville.

48 Notes Quiz: Which two families were fighting during the War of the Roses? How did the majority of these kings come into power? How many bad kings were there in this group? How many kings were murdered in this group? Tell two stories about king’s wives in this section.

49 House of Tudor King Henry VII (1457-1509) He became king in 1485 after killing King Richard II on the battlefield. He was distantly related to John Gaunt through his father, and he was a Lancaster through his mother. He married Elizabeth Woodville’s daughter, Elizabeth, thus ending the War of the Roses.

50 House of Tudor King Henry VII had grown up in exile because, on his mother’s side, he was the rightful heir to the throne. Henry had to deal with several uprisings from Scotland and from people pretending to be the younger York prince (who was supposedly sent to another country when his uncle Richard II came to take him to the tower)

51 House of Tudor Henry married his daughter to the King of Scotland, and there was a truce Henry married his son, Arthur, to Catherine of Aragon, daughter of King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain Arthur died in 1502 and Catherine married Arthur’s younger brother Henry because it was claimed the marriage was never consummated. Henry VII married his other daughter, Mary, to Louis XII of France. During this time period, Columbus discovered America.

52 House of Tudor King Henry VIII (1491 to 1547) Henry became king in 1509, when his father died from illness. At the beginning of his reign, he was still married to Catherine, had strong alliances with foreign countries, but England was financially broke

53 House of Tudor King Henry was known for his athleticism, love of women, and his jealousy. When time passed, and Catherine was unable to produce an heir to the throne, King Henry VIII began sleeping with more and more women. One of these women had a sister named, Anne Boleyn. Anne refused to just become another mistress of Henry’s, and she convinced him to marry her. Since Catherine and her parents were such staunch Catholics, the church refused to support Henry’s request for an annulment, and he renounced the Catholic church and began his own religion.

54 House of Tudor Henry tried to get Catherine to admit that she had come to the marriage as a non- virgin, but she refused to do it. After he formed his new church, Henry divorced Catherine (unheard of at the time) and he banished her, and his daughter, Mary to different parts of the kingdom. Catherine died in her fifties of an illness and a broken heart. Meanwhile, Anne Boleyn gave birth to a daughter for Henry, Elizabeth. When she was unable to have any male children, he soon grew tired of her, and he began plotting a way to get rid of her. He claimed she had bewitched him into leaving his wife, and that she had cheated on him with multiple men…including her brother. He had Anne’s brother, and several of his high ranking officials executed. Then he had Anne’s head chopped off.

55 House of Tudor During the last few month’s of Anne’s life, Henry had begun courting another woman…Jane Seymour After Anne’s execution, he married Jane, and she convinced him to restore both his daughters as heirs to the throne. She was known a known Catholic, but there was nothing she could do when Henry began tearing down Catholic churches and monasteries. He claimed it was because the Catholic faith was wrong, but, in truth, he needed to money he got from the holy relics there to fill the country’s bank accounts. In the name of his new faith, Henry also killed many of his former friends who were known Catholics.

56 House of Tudor King Henry VIII’s third wife, Jane, became pregnant. She gave birth to a son, Edward. Unfortunately, she died soon after giving birth Henry believed her to be his only true wife because she had given him a son.

57 House of Tudor After Jane’s death, Henry began looking to make an alliance with other countries because Spain was going to attack England. Henry was also facing uprisings in his own country because people were so unhappy about being forced to give up their religious beliefs. Henry convinced his best friend, the Duke of Suffolk, to kill hundreds of men, women, and children who had risen up against him. The duke had to do this to make up for marrying Henry’s sister without his consent.

58 House of Tudor Henry’s right hand man, Thomas Cornwall, suggested that he marry Anne of Cleves because it would make Henry a powerful ally to fight the upcoming war with. Henry was told she was beautiful, but when he met her, he was disgusted. He had to marry her, however, to keep in her brother’s good favor.

59 House of Tudor Soon after marrying her, Henry discovered that there would be no war, so he now could get rid of Anne. He began looking for a reason to divorce or execute her. Luckily for her, he was able to find proof that she had previously been promised to marry someone else When he approached her with this, she happily agreed to divorce him and be like a sister to him She became good friends with both of Henry’s daughters.

60 House of Tudor At the end of his marriage to Anne, Henry was introduced to a young girl named Katherine Howard. She was only a teenager when she met Henry, and he married her. After only being married a year, it became obvious that she would not bear him any children. Henry soon discovered that Katherine was cheating on him with one of his own servants, and that she had been no virgin before she came to him. He had Katherine beheaded

61 House of Tudor Henry decided that he needed to find a wife that would take care of him, bear him children, and had a proven record of modesty, chastity, and virtue. He saw Katherine Parr at court, and he forced her to marry him, even though she had previously been courted by Edward Seymour. Katherine was a good nurse to Henry (he had sustained a leg wound when he was younger that never healed), but when it became obvious that she would never bear him children, he began plotting how to get rid of her. He pretended to go back to the Catholic faith, and he was going to use this to execute her (she was a Protestant). Instead, she outlived him

62 House of Tudor King Edward VI (1537 to 1553) After Henry died, his son became king at only ten years old. The Seymour family ruled over him, and he became a staunch supporter of the Protestant church He died of illness at 16.

63 House of Tudor Queen Mary I (1516 to 1558) After her brother’s death, Mary (Catherine of Aragon’s daughter) became queen. She was a staunch Catholic, and she began killing anyone who didn’t support the Catholic faith

64 House of Tudor She married prince Phillip of Spain, but they had no children. She was sick a lot during her reign, and an illness, combined with a broken heart from her husband’s cheating, caused her death. After her death, Elizabeth became queen.

65 House of Tudor Queen Elizabeth I (1533-1603) Elizabeth became queen in 1558, and many men wanted to marry her in order to gain England’s wealth She had supposedly had affairs with her step-father (Edward Seymour), her brother in law (Prince Phillip), and her best friend (Lord Dudley). However, she remained unmarried and was called the “Virgin Queen” She defeated the Spanish when they fought against England and brought religious tolerance to England.

66 House of Tudor She supported the arts by giving money to playwrights like Shakespeare She made England rich with her smart business sense She is known as one of the best monarch’s England’s ever had.

67 Notes Quiz: How did Henry VII become King of England? How many wives did Henry VIII have, and what happened to them? List two other bad things Henry VIII did during his reign? Why is Mary I called “Bloody Mary”? What are three great things Queen Elizabeth did for England?

68 House of Stuart King James I (1566-1625) His mother was Mary, Queen of Scots (the cousin that Queen Elizabeth had beheaded) His great-grandmother was Henry VIII’s sister, Margaret He had been King of Scotland since 1567, then became King of England when Elizabeth died.

69 House of Stuart He was very intelligent, sensitive, shallow, vain, and an exhibitionist He curbed the powers of the nobility. He had affairs with male courtiers and relied on his Scottish favorites to make decisions He supported the arts and commissioned King James Bible He pretended to be Protestant until his mentor died, and then he instituted the belief that the king was a diving being, and he killed anyone who crossed him His daughter married the King of Bohemia

70 House of Stuart King Charles I (1600-1649) He married the daughter of the King of France, Henri IV He believed in Absolute Rule and got rid of Parliament This action started the English Civil War that went from 1642-1648 Oliver Cromwell led forces against Charles and had him executed

71 Puritan Rule Oliver Cromwell and Parliament ruled for eleven years Cromwell died in 1630 and people negotiated for the restoration of the monarchy

72 House of Stuart King Charles II He had the body of Cromwell decapitated and all documents altered to indicate he became king when his father died He wanted all of England to follow one religion, so people fled to North America to practice religious freedom He gained control of Bombay and Tangiers by marrying the princess of Portugal…they had no kids He had 17 illegitimate kids with various mistressess

73 House of Stuart In 1664 he had a war with Holland In 1665 the Great Plague struck again and 60,000 died In 1666 there was the fire of London He made a pact with King Louis XIV to allow Catholicism in England in exchange for military help Together, England and France fought the third Dutch War 1679 he dissolved Parliament because they tried to force him to make a non-Catholic heir…he became an Absolute Ruler He died a Catholic Paradise Lost (John Milton) and The Pilgrim’s Progress (John Bunyan) were written during his reign

74 House of Stuart King James II (1633-1701) He was Charles II’s brother He was married twice, had thirteen children, and only four survived to adulthood. He was a staunch Catholic, so the people feared him He fought two rebellions to keep control of Scotland Prince William of Orange (staunch Protestant) invaded England and put the king’s daughter, Mary, on the throne King James went into exile in France

75 House of Orange/Stuart King William III/Queen Mary (1689-1702) William was the grandson of Charles I He had a short man complex and was 12 years older than his wife A law was passed saying that Catholics couldn’t be monarchs The powers of monarchs were limited so that they could only pass laws or levy taxes with parliament’s consent He stopped several invasions He formed a union with Austria and Holland to prevent Spain and France from getting too powerful

76 House of Orange/Stuart Queen Anne (1665-1714) Sister to Queen Mary II She married the Prince of Denmark, had 18 pregnancies, but only one child survived He died at 11 years old She was known for being shy and stubborn She was successful in several battles with the French She died of gout

77 House of Hanover King George I Great-grandson to James I George had several mistresses, and his wife, Sophia, eloped with Swedish count who was killed by George He imprisoned his wife for 30 years until her death He argued with Parliment and his advisors ran the country

78 House of Hanover James Edward Stuart “The Old Pretender” tried to claim the throne but was defeated He was implicated in a scheme that financially destroyed many English investors and got him a lot of money He paid people back using government money Gulliver’s Travels and Robinson Crusoe came out during this time

79 House of Hanover King George II (1683-1760) King of both Scotland and England He was imprisoned by his father for speaking up for his mother The Holy Roman Emperor died and war broke out over who should rule Austria. The English/Dutch supported one person, and the Prussians/French supported another George led his own troops in battle 1745-put down a rebellion led by “Bonnie Prince Charlie” Charles Edward Stuart (the “Old Pretender’s brother”) The empire expanded control over India and Quebec, Canada Handel’s music was written during this time period King George died on the toilet

80 House of Hanover King George III (1738-1820) King of England and Scotland and grandson of King George II Very well educated, stubborn, and shy He had 16 children and he passed a law against royal marriage without permission He made agricultural improvements (steam engine) He believed in saving money, so a tax was put on every official document (The Stamp Act)

81 House of Hanover Tea was also taxed, leading to the Boston Tea Party The American War of Independence began in 1775 and ended in American victory in 1781 1778-He had his first bout of insanity 1789-There was a French revolution and King Louis XVI was beheaded; this led to a war with France 1803-Napoleon was going to invade, but he was stopped by British forces Robert Burns’ poetry, Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice, and Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein were all published during this time

82 House of Hanover King George IV (1762-1830) He had many mistresses and went against the country by secretly marrying a Catholic widow He was extravigent with his money and had many debts He was forced to divorce his first wife, and he had to declare his children from that marriage illegitimate and marry a woman he hated He kept trying to have the marriage annulled She claimed he had poisoned her on her death bed He was an alcoholic and ate so much food he became grossly overweight He became mentally unstable The satirical rhyme “Georgie Porgie, pudding and pie…” is based off of him

83 House of Hanover King William IV (1765-1837) He was the brother of George IV He served in the Navy and lived with an actress for 20 years before becoming king He was forced to marry a Protestant woman and declare his children with the actress illegitimate The Abolition of Slavery Act was passed, but he was against it Oliver Twist (Charles Dickens)

84 House of Hanover Queen Victoria (1819-1901) Niece of King William Her father, George III’s second son, died when she was one, and her mother thought her uncles were evil and kept her from them She married her cousin on her mother’s side (Prince Albert) The British empire controlled Canada, the Caribbean, Africa, India, Australia, New Zealand, Scotland, and Ireland She allowed Parliament more power Industry, politics, trade, science, and military all improved during her reign There were several assassination attempts made on her

85 House of Hanover King Edward VII (1841-1910) Interested in horse racing, shooting, eating, drinking, and other men’s wives His mistresses included: Winston Churchill’s mother, Sarah Bernhardt, and Lady Camilla’s great-grandmother He supported army and navy reforms The Wind in the Willows, The Jungle Book, and Peter Pan were all written during his reign

86 House of Windsor King George V (1865-1936) He had six children after marrying his brother’s fiance after he died His cousin (Princess Alexandra) was murdered with her husband, Tsar Nicholas, in the Russian Revolution He couldn’t save her for fear of a similar uprising in his own country He changed his family name from Hanover to Windsor due to anti- German sentiment during WWI

87 House of Windsor King Edward VIII (1894-1972) He served in the army during WWI He became a celebrity playboy who had affairs with married women The government wouldn’t let him marry his divorced girlfriend because she was still married to her second husband and believed to be a gold-digger He abdicated the throne, so that he could leave the country and marry her

88 House of Windsor King George VI (1895-1952) He was the brother to King Edward VIII He had a speech impediment, and he served in the Navy He worked hand in hand with Winston Churchill during WWII He was almost killed during a bombing in Buckingham Palace Countries in the British empire became independent during his reign He was a heavy smoker who lost a lung C.S. Lewis wrote Chronicles of Narnia during this time period

89 House of Windsor Queen Elizabeth II 1926-Present The power of the monarchy was given to Parliament and the Prime Minister, and she became a figurehead and ambassador for the empire She has three children: Prince Charles, Prince Edward, Princess Anne


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