1. BME 301 Lecture Twenty-Three

3. How are health care technologies managed? Examples: MRI Laparoscopic cholecystectomy Vitamin C treatment for scurvy Research Funding Regulatory Approval ReimbursementDiffusion

4. US R&D Expenditures http://www.nsf.go v/sbe/srs/seind02 /c4/fig04-09.gif

5. Who Funds R&D? Who Does R&D? http://www.nsf.gov/ sbe/srs/seind02/c4/fi g04-12.gif

6. R&D Funding for Biomedical Research Federal government: Funds ~ 36% of all medical research in US Mostly funded through NIH:NIH Current NIH budget: $28 billion/year NIH budget doubled from 1998-2003 This year: 2% increase Focus is on basic research

7. US Senate Report – May, 2000 21 drugs introduced between 1965 and 1992: Considered by experts to have had highest therapeutic impact on society Public funding of research was instrumental in development of 15 of the 21 drugs (71%) Three-captopril (Capoten), fluoxetine (Prozac), and acyclovir (Zovirax)-had more than $1 billion in sales in 1994 and 1995 Others, including AZT, acyclovir, fluconazole (Diflucan), foscarnet (Foscavir), and ketoconazole (Nizoral), had NIH funding and research to help in clinical trials

8. NIH National Cancer Institute National Eye Institute National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute National Human Genome Research Institute National Institute on Aging National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering National Institute of Child Health and Human Development National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases National Institute on Drug Abuse National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences National Institute of General Medical Sciences National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke National Institute of Nursing Research National Library of Medicine

9. The Funding Process NIH  Issues request for proposals Investigator  Writes a proposal Hypothesis Background & Significance Preliminary Results Research Design and Methods Protection of Animals and Human Subjects Peer-Review Score Comments Institutional Review Funding Decision

10. Scores 1/3 Unscored 2/3 Scored 100 best 500 worst Typically need score of 100-170 to be funded Approximately 15-20% of submitted proposals are funded Summary sheet

11. NIH Grant Review Process http://www.csr.nih.gov/imgs/revprocess.jpg

12. NIH Grant Review Process http://www.csr.nih.gov/Video/Video.a sp http://www.csr.nih.gov/Video/Video.a sp

13. Types of Universities Carnegie Classification Taxonomy of colleges and universities Doctorate-Granting Institutions Research Universities I Research Universities II Doctoral-Granting Universities I Doctoral-Granting Universities II Master’s (Comprehensive) Colleges & Universities Baccalaureate Colleges UT

14. Research I Universities Offer full range of baccalaureate programs Committed to grad education through PhD Give high priority to research Award 50 or more doctoral degrees/year Receive at least $40 million/year in federal support http://www.carnegi efoundation.org/Cla ssification/images/fi gure2.gif

15. Research Grant Funding at UT 1990: $150M total $90M Federal 2001: $309M total $209M Federal

16. Too Much Emphasis on Research? April 22, 2004 http://www.dailytexanonline.com/news/2004/ 04/22/Opinion/Uts-commitment.To.Teachers- 668016.shtml http://www.dailytexanonline.com/news/2004/ 04/22/Opinion/Uts-commitment.To.Teachers- 668016.shtml

17. Assignments Due Next Time April 29 th : Exam III Practice exam available Saturday May 4 th : Projects Due http://www.utexas.edu/research/rsc/humanresearch/forms/topics.doc Group 3 Presentations HW10 May 6 th : Review for final May 18 th : Final Exam 9 am – Noon