1. Lesson 30 Text Watch keeping( 值班 )

2. At the beginning of the watch the current( 当前的 ) operational parameters( 参数 ) and the condition of all machinery should be verified( 检验, 校验 )

3. and also the log( 航行日志 ) readings should correspond with (be in agreement with) those observed.

4. The engineer officer in charge(on duty) should note if there are any special orders or instructions relating to the operation of the main machinery or auxiliaries.

5. He should determine what work is in progress and any hazards(dangers) or limitations( 限 制, 局限性 )it presents.

6. The levels of tanks containing fuel, water, slops( 污油 ), ballast( 压载水 ), etc., should be noted and also the level of the various bilges( 舱底水 ).

7. The operating mode( 方式, 模式 ) of equipment and available standby( 备用 ) equipment should also be noted.

8. *At appropriate intervals(e.g. at 30- minute intervals) inspection should be made of the main propulsion plant, auxiliary machinery and steering gear spaces.

9. Any routine( 常规, 惯例 ) adjustments may then be made and malfunctions( 故障 ) or breakdowns can be noted, reported and corrected.

10. During these tours( 巡回 ) of inspection bilge level should be noted, piping and systems should be observed for leaks( 泄漏 ), and local indicating instruments also be observed.

11. Bridge( 驾驶室 ) orders must be promptly carried out and a record of any required changes in speed and direction should be kept.

12. * When under standby or maneuvering( 机动操作 ) conditions with the machinery being manually operated the control unit or console( 控制台 ) should be continuously manned( 有 人操纵的 ).

13. Certain watchkeeping duties are necessary for the continuous operation of equipment or plant-the transferring of fuel for instance.

14. *In addition to these regular tasks other repair or maintenance tasks may be required of the watchkeeping personnel( 人员 ).

15. *However no tasks should be undertaken( 从事, 进行 ) which will interfere( 干扰，影响 ) with the supervisory( 管理的、监督的 ) duties relating to the main machinery and associated equipment.

16. ＊ During the watch a log or record will be taken of the various parameters of main and auxiliary( 辅助的 ) equipment.

17. Fuel consumption( 消耗量 ) figures are used to determine the efficiency of operation, in addition to providing a check on the available bunker( 燃料仓 ) quantities.

18. *Lubricating oil( 润滑油 ) tank levels to some extent(partly) indicates engine oil consumption. If the sump level were to rise this would indicate water leakage into the oil and an investigation( 调查、检查 ) into (of, on) the cause must be made.

19. *The engine exhaust temperature reading should all be about the same to indicate an equal power production from each cylinder.

20. ＊ The various temperature and pressure values for the cooling water and lubricating oil should be at, or near to, the manufacturer’s designed values for the particular speed or fuel lever( 油门调节杆 ) settings.

21. Various parameters for the main engine turbo-blowers( 涡轮增压器 ) are also logged. Since they are high speed turbines( 涡轮 ) the correct supply of lubricating oil is essential.

22. *The air cooler should be supplied with adequate amount of cooling water to ensure efficient combustion.

23. *Various level and temperature readings are taken of heavy oil tanks, both settling and service, bearings, sea water, etc.

24. *The operating diesel generators will have their exhaust( 排气 ) temperatures, cooling water and lubricating oil temperatures and pressures logged in much the same way as for the main engine.

25. *Of particular importance will be the log of running hours since this will be the basis for overhauling( 大 修，维修 )the machinery.

26. *Other auxiliary machinery and equipment, such as heat exchangers, freshwater generator(evaporator)( 造水机 ), boiler, air conditioning plant and refrigeration plant will also have appropriate readings taken.

27. There will usually be summaries or daily account tables for heavy oil, diesel oil, lubricating oil and fresh water, which will be compiled( 汇编 ) at noon.

28. The completed log is used to compile a summary sheet( 表、单 ) or abstract( 摘要、小计 ) of information which is returned to the company head office for record purposes.

29. ＊ Where situations occur in the machine space( 机舱 ) which may affect the speed, maneuverability( 机 动性能 ), power supply or other essentials for the safe operation of the ship, the bridge should be informed as soon as possible.

30. The engineer in charge should notify( 通知 ) the *Chief Engineer in the event of any serious occurrence( 事件 ) or a situation where he is unsure of the action to take.

31. However, where immediate action is necessary to ensure safety of the ship, its machinery and crew, it must be taken by the engineer in charge.

32. At the completion of the watch each member should hand over( 交 与 ) to his relief( 接班人员 ), ensuring that he is competent( 能胜 任的 ) to take over ( 接管 ) and carry out his duties effectively( 有 效地 ).

33. Reading Materials A. Keeping Watch

34. The engine room should always be kept clean and in good order.

35. The exhaust-gases should frequently be watched. They should be almost invisible( 看不见 的 ) when the engine operates under full load.

36. *A smoky exhaust indicates that the engine is either overloaded or that the fuel valves are not in proper condition.

37. The cylinder exhaust-gas temperatures should be noted and it should be confirmed( 证实 ) that the power of the engine is well distributed among the cylinders.

38. The cylinder-jacket( 气缸水套 ) outlet-water temperatures should be observed and it should be seen that there are no air-locks( 气塞 ).

39. The water level in the fresh-water header tank should be checked.

40. If an air-inlet pipe of a starting valve is hotter than the others, the valve should be renewed.

41. *Observation( 观察 ) should be made of the turbo-blower lubricating-oil temperatures and pressures, also the exhaust-gas temperatures before and after the turbine.

42. It should be confirmed that the amount of fuel oil in the service tank is sufficient during the watch.

43. Open the cocks for draining accumulation of oil in the exhaust manifold( 歧管 ) at definite intervals.

44. The cylinder lubricators( 注油器 ) should be examined for satisfactory operation. The piston-cooling pipes and the stuffing boxes( 填料函 ) for the piston rods should be examined for leakage( 泄漏 ).

45. *All the pressures and temperatures indicated by various gauges and thermometers( 温度计 ) should be regularly observed.

46. The amount of lubricating oil in the drain tank should be checked by sounding( 发声，探测 ).

47. If lubricating oil filters of edgewise( 边对边的 ) cleaning type( 自动反冲洗式 ) are fitted, *the handles should be given a few turns.

48. The sea water temperature should be noted and the temperatures at(of) the lubricating oil and fresh- water coolers (should be) examined.

49. *A keen( 敏锐的 ) sense( 感觉、判断 力 ) of hearing obtained from practice is important for the engineer, depending on his ears, to detect abnormal happenings in the running gear.

50. Before being used, the fuel service tank should be drained of water and residual( 残 [ 剩 ] 余 ; 渣滓 ).

51. * If two tanks are installed, the empty tank should be pumped up directly it is empty.

52. The gauges on the fuel oil service tanks should be watched to see that the oil supply to the injection pumps( 喷油泵 ) is maintained.

53. *The vent cocks ( 放气口 )on the fuel injection pump lines should be opened frequently to vent any air that may have accumulated in them.

54. During maneuvers, the fresh-water temperature should be regulated by throttling( 节流, 调节 ) the sea-water supply to the fresh-water cooler.

55. *Beside observing the pressure in the cooling water, regular readings should be taken from the thermometers in the various lines and the control valves regulated to maintain even( 相同的 ) temperatures in all the jackets.

56. Special care should be taken to stop leaks of all descriptions( 描述, 说明 ), immediately (when) they occur.

57. Vital( 重要的 ) components( 部件 ) of the engine should be frequently examined.

58. The crankroom( 曲轴箱 ) cover should never be allowed to open for investigation( 调查, 研究 ) when the engine is running.

59. And it should not be opened until at least fifteen minutes after the engine stops. Lights of high voltage or naked lights( 没有灯罩的灯 ) should never be used.

60. B. Watchkeeping Duties At Sea

61. 1. Constant inspection is a precaution( 预防措施 ) which contributes to( 有助于 ) avoiding trouble and the following routines must be carried out at regular intervals under normal operating conditions:

62. 2. Regularly check and record all pressures and temperatures and enter the same in the engine room log.

63. *Adherence to( 遵守、坚持 ) differentials in temperature and pressure limits is very important.

64. If a temperature or pressure is in doubt it should be checked against another instrument, a rough guess to temperature is by the feel of the hand.

65. 3. *Due( 应有的、适当的 ) consideration must be given to engine speed and to the conditions of the loading of the ship and to the cleanliness of the hull( 船体 ) when performance and records of the engine are being assessed( 评定 ).

66. Shop test reports and instruction manuals are a reliable reference and must be treated as such( 同样地 ).

67. All records are important but particular attention must be made to turbocharger( 涡轮增压器 ) revolutions, scavenge air receiver( 扫气箱 ) pressures and temperatures, and cylinder exhaust gas temperatures.

68. Consideration must be given to the calorific value( 热值 ) of the fuel when assessing the daily fuel consumption.

69. 4. Check that the control valves for the cooling and lubricating systems are set properly.

70. If there is insufficient pressure in any system then the safety device alarm will be accelerated and the engine stopped.

71. All excessive pressure drops must be checked.

72. 5. *Adjustments must be made to bring any abnormally high or low temperatures to within the prescribed( 规定的, 指定的 ) range but this must be attained gradually.

73. Abrupt( 突然的 ) temperature changes can increase thermal stress( 应力 ) and may cause trouble.

74. Check the air temperature after the charger air cooler.

75. This temperature should be as low as possible, a high temperature results in less oxygen being available for combustion and increased fuel consumption as well as higher exhaust gas temperatures.

76. An ideal temperature differential between the sea water inlet to the air cooler and the air outlet from the cooler is about 17 ℃.

77. 6. Care must be taken, in climates with a high humidity, that the temperature of the scavenge air is, if possible, kept above the dew point( 露点 ),

78. otherwise condensation( 凝结 ) will form in the air receiver and the drain will require to be cracked( 开缝的 ) open to avoid rust formation.

79. When water is apparent( 明显的 ) in the air receiver then a check must be made to verify whether it is sea water or fresh water;

80. if it is sea water then the cooler is leaking and rectification( 修正, 修复 ) is required.

81. 7. *Drain scavenge space and jacket drains, also piston rod glands( 填料 盖 [ 箱 ]) if there is an excess leakage of lubricating oil from the gland,

82. then the scraper( 刮油环 ) and sealing rings( 密封环 ) should be attended( 注意，留 意 ) to at the first opportunity( 尽早 ).

83. 8. *Check, and if necessary, adjust the rate of feed of the cylinder lubricators.

84. 9. Check the temperature of the crankcase doors by hand.

85. 10. Ensure that the fuel in the daily service tanks has been properly cleaned and that water and sludge( 油 泥 ) have been drained off. Drain sludge from fuel filters( 过滤器 ) and purifiers( 分油机 ).

86. 11. *When burning heavy fuel ensure that there is sufficient heat available to bring the viscosity( 粘度 ) of the fuel to within the prescribed limits.

87. 12. Ensure that vents from cooling water spaces are kept open to permit air to escape.

88. 13. Check the pressure drop across fuel and lubrication oil filters.

89. Turn all manually operated filters and check that automatic filters are operating satisfactorily, drain sludge if necessary.

90. 14. Check the pressure drop across the charge air coolers for both sea and air pressure.

91. 15. Check oil levels in governor( 调 速器 ) and other auxiliary( 辅助的 ) equipment.

92. 16. Check all high pressure fuel lines for any signs of leakage.

93. 17. Check camshafts( 凸轮轴 ), fuel pump bearings( 轴承 ) and other small bearings for temperature increase using the palm( 手掌 ) of the hand.

94. 18. Examine jacket, piston and fuel injector( 喷油嘴 ) cooling water returns for any signs of contamination( 污染 ), any fouling( 污物 ) must be investigated and rectified( 改正 ).

95. 19. *Check air starting pipe to each cylinder, if overheating is discovered engine must be stopped, starting air valve and flame trap( 阻焰装置 ) examined and replaced as necessary.

96. 20. Inspect access doors and thrust block( 推力轴承 ) aft( 向船尾 ) seal for any signs of leakage.

97. 21. Check oil level in main engine lubricating oil drain tank.

98. 22. Check water level in jacket water cooling tank.

99. 23.Check levels in fuel tanks, cylinder lubricating oil and turbocharger lubricating oil *header tanks.

100. 24.*Drain off water from starting air tanks and top up pressure if necessary.

101. 25.Check lubricating oil samples as necessary and check operation of centrifuges( 离心分离机 ).

102. 26.Record revolutions of engine over total watchkeeping period.

103. 27.Take indicator diagrams( 示功图 ) to check power and pressure in cylinders.

104. 28.Open drain valve on starting air manifold to check that valves in the system are tight.

105. 29.Water wash turbochargers as necessary.

106. 30.Clean air coolers at recommended intervals.