1. 4 th Edition Copyright 2004 - Prentice Hall14-1 Psychology Stephen F. Davis Emporia State University Joseph J. Palladino University of Southern Indiana PowerPoint Presentation by H. Lynn Bradman Metropolitan Community College-Omaha

2. 4 th Edition Copyright 2004 - Prentice Hall14-2 Health Psychology Chapter 14

3. Copyright 2004 - Prentice Hall14-3 Health Psychology Health psychology is a subfield that is concerned with the social and psychological factors that Influence health and illness.

4. Copyright 2004 - Prentice Hall14-4 Stress and Illness Hans Selye developed the concept of stress as the nonspecific response of the body to demands to adjust to a wide range of changes.

5. Copyright 2004 - Prentice Hall14-5 Stress and Illness Stressors are demands that give rise to the general adaptation syndrome (GAS), which consists of three stages: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion.

6. Copyright 2004 - Prentice Hall14-6 Stress and Illness Among the circumstances that could lead to stress are catastrophes, major life changes such as divorce, acculturative stress, traumatic events such as criminal victimization, and hassles. They have been associated with physiological responses such as increased levels of stress hormones,

7. Copyright 2004 - Prentice Hall14-7 Stress and Illness Researchers found that high levels of life change were associated with Illness. Subsequent Investigation showed that the relation between major life events and illness is not as strong as originally reported. One explanation is that a person's interpretation of events is an important determinant of the event's impact.

8. Copyright 2004 - Prentice Hall14-8 Stress and Illness Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) occurs in the aftermath of deeply disturbing experiences such as rape and combat. Victims of PTSD often relive the traumatic event in dreams, flashbacks, or intrusive thoughts.

9. Copyright 2004 - Prentice Hall14-9 Stress and Illness Everyday minor annoyances can accumulate and become associated with subsequent health problems.

10. Copyright 2004 - Prentice Hall14-10 Stress and Illness Interpretation or appraisal of an event often determines whether that event is stressful.

11. Copyright 2004 - Prentice Hall14-11 Stress and Illness Primary appraisal occurs when we determine whether an event is a threat Secondary appraisal occurs when we decide how to deal with the threat.

12. Copyright 2004 - Prentice Hall14-12 Stress and Illness The immune system is the body's major defense against bacteria and viruses. Psychoneuroimmunology is the study of how psychological and physiological factors interact to influence the immune system. A wide variety of stressful events can affect immune system functioning.

13. Copyright 2004 - Prentice Hall14-13 Lifestyle Influences on Disease Risk Smoking-related illnesses are the most preventable cause of death in the United States. The number of smokers is declining, but people with less education are more likely to smoke than people with more education. Most smokers tried their first cigarette before age 18. Peer pressure is a major factor leading individuals to start smoking.

14. Copyright 2004 - Prentice Hall14-14 Lifestyle Influences on Disease Risk Although there are many programs to help people stop smoking, most people who quit do so on their own, usually after several unsuccessful attempts. Anticipated weight gain after quitting is often cited as a reason for continuing to smoke.

15. Copyright 2004 - Prentice Hall14-15 Lifestyle Influences on Disease Risk The number one cause of death in the United States is heart disease. There is a strong association between men and heart disease.

16. Copyright 2004 - Prentice Hall14-16 Lifestyle Influences on Disease Risk Heart disease also varies with race.

17. Copyright 2004 - Prentice Hall14-17 Lifestyle Influences on Disease Risk Type A behavior has been considered a risk factor in the development of heart disease. Type A individuals tend to be aggressive, competitive, impatient, and have difficulty relaxing.

18. Copyright 2004 - Prentice Hall14-18 Lifestyle Influences on Disease Risk The Western Collaborative Group Study indicated that a Type A individual was twice as likely to develop heart disease as the more relaxed and easygoing Type B person. Subsequent studies did not replicate this finding, and it became apparent that not all the components of Type A impart risk. Current research focuses on hostility as the toxic component of Type A behavior.

19. Copyright 2004 - Prentice Hall14-19 Lifestyle Influences on Disease Risk Efforts to change type A behavior reduced the rate of recurrent heart attacks as compared with the rate among victims who received typical heart patient counseling

20. Copyright 2004 - Prentice Hall14-20 Lifestyle Influences on Disease Risk AIDS is the 10 th leading cause of death in the United States. Aids cases among men is substantially higher than the number of cases among women.

21. Copyright 2004 - Prentice Hall14-21 Lifestyle Influences on Disease Risk Men and women differ in their likelihood of being exposed to infection with HIV.

22. Copyright 2004 - Prentice Hall14-22 HIV is actually a fragile virus that does not survive well outside the body. When HIV infects the body, however, it sets up a struggle between the immune system and the virus. Lifestyle Influences on Disease Risk

23. Copyright 2004 - Prentice Hall14-23 Lifestyle Influences on Disease Risk The immune system fights well for 8 to 10 years until HIV replicates so rapidly that it destroys too many T-cells. A combination with stress hastens the onset of AIDS.

24. Copyright 2004 - Prentice Hall14-24 Lifestyle Influences on Disease Risk The workplace can be a significant source of stress.

25. Copyright 2004 - Prentice Hall14-25 Lifestyle Influences on Disease Risk Some people in high- stress occupations experience burnout.

26. Copyright 2004 - Prentice Hall14-26 Lifestyle Influences on Disease Risk Women who are consistently in the workforce are in better health.

27. Copyright 2004 - Prentice Hall14-27 Coping With Stress A number of psychological factors have been shown to modify stress reactions. Hardiness is a psychological characteristic composed of commitment, a sense of control, and a tendency to view change as a challenge. Hardy individuals react differently to stressful events and experience fewer illnesses than less hardy individuals.

28. Copyright 2004 - Prentice Hall14-28 Coping With Stress Distraction has been used to reduce the side effects of chemotherapy in pediatric cancer patients. Experimental research reveals that distraction has benefits in dealing with other stressful situations.

29. Copyright 2004 - Prentice Hall14-29 Coping With Stress Social support is the availability of approval, advice, money, or encouragement from others.

30. Copyright 2004 - Prentice Hall14-30 Coping With Stress Social support may reduce the negative effects of stressful events.

31. Copyright 2004 - Prentice Hall14-31 Coping With Stress There is growing support for the notion that humor and laughter can reduce mood disturbances, buffer the effects of life events, and aid in dealing with pain.

32. Copyright 2004 - Prentice Hall14-32 Coping With Stress Many people have never developed the skill of relaxing. Among the techniques used to produce relaxation are progressive relaxation, the relaxation response, and biofeedback. Relaxation activates the parasympathetic nervous system and is helpful in reducing stress reactions.

33. Copyright 2004 - Prentice Hall14-33 Coping With Stress Physical activity is associated with increased longevity and positive benefits on physical and psychological health.

34. Copyright 2004 - Prentice Hall14-34 Coping With Stress Current recommendations call for at least 30 minutes of physical activity per day, which can be accumulated in short bouts throughout the day.