1. The Embedded-Processes Model

2. Some characteristics of this model: Information being used for immediate memory is in a heightened state of activation and available to conscious awareness if it is in the current focus of attention as directed by the central executive. The central executive is influenced by instructions and incentives; the focus of attention is limited to 4 unrelated items and the limit of activation of memory is about 10-20 seconds.

3. What’s Different??? No subdivisions of processing for immediate memory Immediate memory is activation of long-term memory Sensory stores incorporated Incorporates all forms of information including nonverbal sounds & tactile information Long Term Memory is seen as playing a substantial role in immediate memory tasks Some advantages: For immediate memory tasks: Can explain advantage of concrete words over abstract words Can explain advantage of high frequency words over low frequency words

4. Working memory capacity: different from capacity as used in discussions of short-term memory (i.e., 7+/- 2) & Baddeley’s working memory (i.e., 2 sec.) Capacity of WM is about “limitations in the ability to use controlled processing to maintain information in an active, quickly retrievable state… WM capacity is not about storage and processing but is about retention over a period in which there is distraction or shift of attention away from the stored information”. (Engle, 2001) 7 +/2 2 sec

5. Baddeley’s Modified Model (p147): What’s New?

6. Bruce-Young Model How similar to the Embedded Processes Model?