1. Arctic Tundra Brittany Adikes Adriana Gionis Meghan Dalesio Julie Bingham

2. Climate Two seasons ( winter and summer). Two seasons ( winter and summer). Average temperature of tundra in winter is -34 degrees Celsius and in the summer its from 3 to 13 degrees Celsius. Average temperature of tundra in winter is -34 degrees Celsius and in the summer its from 3 to 13 degrees Celsius. Yearly precipitation including melting snow is 15- 25 inches per year. Yearly precipitation including melting snow is 15- 25 inches per year. There is a lot of present water because of permafrost. There is a lot of present water because of permafrost. Little moisture is lost to evaporation. Little moisture is lost to evaporation.

3. Global Map

4. Soil types The soil is formed slowly The soil is formed slowly A layer of permanently frozen subsoil called permafrost exists consisting mostly of gravel and finer material. A layer of permanently frozen subsoil called permafrost exists consisting mostly of gravel and finer material. When water saturates the upper surface, bogs and ponds may form, providing moisture for plants. When water saturates the upper surface, bogs and ponds may form, providing moisture for plants.

5. Plant Species 1,700 kinds of plants. ( low shrubs, sedges, reindeer mosses, liver worst, and grasses). 1,700 kinds of plants. ( low shrubs, sedges, reindeer mosses, liver worst, and grasses). 400 kinds of flowers. ( Crustose and foliose lichen). 400 kinds of flowers. ( Crustose and foliose lichen). All plants adapt to the sweepings winds and disturbances of the soil. All plants adapt to the sweepings winds and disturbances of the soil. Plants are short and group together to resist the cold temperatures. And are protected by the snow in the winter. Plants are short and group together to resist the cold temperatures. And are protected by the snow in the winter. They carry out photosynthesis at low temperatures and low light intensities. They carry out photosynthesis at low temperatures and low light intensities. Growing seasons are short and most plants reproduce by budding and division rather than sexually by flowering. Growing seasons are short and most plants reproduce by budding and division rather than sexually by flowering.

6. Animal Species Animals adapt to long cold winters and to breed and raise young quickly in the summer. Animals adapt to long cold winters and to breed and raise young quickly in the summer. Animals like mammals and birds have additional insulation from their fat to keep warm. Animals like mammals and birds have additional insulation from their fat to keep warm. Many animals hibernate during the winter because the food is not abundant. (another alternate is to migrate south in the winter, like the birds do). Many animals hibernate during the winter because the food is not abundant. (another alternate is to migrate south in the winter, like the birds do). Amphibians and reptiles are few or absent because of the extremely cold temperatures. Amphibians and reptiles are few or absent because of the extremely cold temperatures. Because of constant immigration and emigration, the population continually oscillates. Because of constant immigration and emigration, the population continually oscillates. Examples being snowy owls, Voles, lemmings, other small rodents. Examples being snowy owls, Voles, lemmings, other small rodents.

7. Effect of Humans Human activities produce greenhouse gases such as Carbon Dioxide, Nitrous Oxide, Hydroflourocarbons, Methane, and Sulfur Hexafluoride. Human activities produce greenhouse gases such as Carbon Dioxide, Nitrous Oxide, Hydroflourocarbons, Methane, and Sulfur Hexafluoride. Fossil fuel combustion is the most significant cause of greenhouse gas emission. Fossil fuel combustion is the most significant cause of greenhouse gas emission. CO2 concentrations have gone up 30% since pre-industrial times. CO2 concentrations have gone up 30% since pre-industrial times. The arctic is most sensitive to climate change than any other place on earth. The arctic is most sensitive to climate change than any other place on earth.

8. Potential Solutions These changes made Governments and individuals aware and are more likely to take action now. These changes made Governments and individuals aware and are more likely to take action now. Greenpeace fully supports and calls on world leaders to invest in, and implement, renewable energies and efficiency for a sustainable planet. Greenpeace fully supports and calls on world leaders to invest in, and implement, renewable energies and efficiency for a sustainable planet.

9. Additional Information: http://archive.greenpeace.org/comms/97/ arctic/library/region/people.html http://archive.greenpeace.org/comms/97/ arctic/library/region/people.html http://archive.greenpeace.org/comms/97/ arctic/library/region/people.html http://archive.greenpeace.org/comms/97/ arctic/library/region/people.html http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/exhibits/bi omes/tundra.php http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/exhibits/bi omes/tundra.php http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/exhibits/bi omes/tundra.php http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/exhibits/bi omes/tundra.php http://www.thewildclassroom.com/biomes /arctictundra.html http://www.thewildclassroom.com/biomes /arctictundra.html http://www.thewildclassroom.com/biomes /arctictundra.html http://www.thewildclassroom.com/biomes /arctictundra.html

11. Sources Google Images Google Images Wikipedia Wikipedia