1. ELAINE N. MARIEB EIGHTH EDITION 2 Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings PowerPoint ® Lecture Slide Presentation by Jerry L. Cook, Sam Houston University ESSENTIALS OF HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY PART B Basic Chemistry

2. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Biochemistry: Essentials for Life  Organic compounds  Contain carbon  Most are covalently bonded  Example: C 6 H 12 O 6 (glucose)  Inorganic compounds  Lack carbon  Tend to be simpler compounds  Example: H 2 O (water)

3. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Important Inorganic Compounds  Water  Most abundant inorganic compounds  Vital properties  High heat capacity  Polarity/solvent properties  Chemical reactivity  Cushioning

4. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Important Inorganic Compounds  Salts  Easily dissociate into ions in the presence of water  Vital to many body functions  Include electrolytes which conduct electrical currents

5. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Important Inorganic Compounds  Acids  Can release detectable hydrogen ions  Bases  Proton acceptors  Neutralization reaction  Acids and bases react to form water and a salt

6. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings pH  Measures relative concentration of hydrogen ions  pH 7 = neutral  pH below 7 = acidic  pH above 7 = basic  Buffers: chemicals that can regulate pH change Figure 2.11

7. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Important Organic Compounds  Carbohydrates  Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen  Include sugars and starches  Classified according to size  Monosaccharides – simple sugars  Disaccharides – two simple sugars joined by dehydration synthesis  Polysaccharides – long branching chains of linked simple sugars

8. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Carbohydrates  The cell membrane does not allow larger sugars to cross  All sugars must be broken down (hydrolysis) into glucose in order to cross cell membrane  When the body builds larger sugars (disaccharides, polysaccharides), then dehydration synthesis or condensation reactions need to occur

9. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Carbohydrates  Polysaccharides – 2 types are of bodily importance:  Starches – plant material (carrots, potatoes)  Glycogen – animal tissues like muscles and liver  Goal of most carbohydrates – formation of ATP which is the cell’s energy currency

10. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Carbohydrates DISACCHARIDES ANIMATION Figure 2.12a–b PRESS TO PLAY

11. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Carbohydrates POLYSACCHARIDES ANIMATION Figure 2.12c PRESS TO PLAY

12. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Important Organic Compounds  Lipids  Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen  Carbon and hydrogen outnumber oxygen  Insoluble in water  From Marbled Meats, Oils, Milk Products, and egg yolks LIPIDS ANIMATION PRESS TO PLAY

13. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Lipids  Common lipids in the human body  Neutral fats (triglycerides)  Found in fat deposits  Composed of 3 fatty acids and glycerol  Source of stored energy  Saturated – all carbon are single-bonded  Unsaturated – carbons are double or triple bonded

14. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Lipids  Common lipids in the human body (continued)  Phospholipids  Form cell membranes (selective permeability)  Steroids  Most important is cholesterol  Too much with saturated fats can lead to:  atherosclerosis (deposits of fats on artery  arteriosclerosis (hardening of the arteries)  Others include bile salts, vitamin D, and some hormones

15. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Lipids Figure 2.14a–b

16. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cholesterol  The basis for all steroids made in the body Figure 2.14c

17. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Important Organic Compounds  Proteins  Made of amino acids  Contain carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur  Two Types of Proteins  Fibrous – used for structural building in the body  Ex. Collagen (bones, cartilage, etc) and Keratin (skin and hair)  Globular (aka functional)– spherical in shape, mobile in the body and they carry out bodily functions  Ex. Enzymes (catalysts), hormones, and molecules like hemoglobin (oxygen binding)

18. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Protein Animations  Click below to explore the levels of protein structure INTRODUCTION TO PROTEIN STRUCTURE CHEMISTRY OF LIFE © PROTEINS: PRIMARY STRUCTURE CHEMISTRY OF LIFE © PROTEINS: SECONDARY STRUCTURE CHEMISTRY OF LIFE © PROTEINS: TERTIARY STRUCTURE CHEMISTRY OF LIFE © PROTEINS: QUATERNARY STRUCTURE PRESS TO PLAY PRESS TO PLAY PRESS TO PLAY PRESS TO PLAY PRESS TO PLAY

19. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Proteins  Account for over half of the body’s organic matter  Provides for construction materials for body tissues (fibrous)  Plays a vital role in cell function (globular)  Act as enzymes, hormones, and antibodies  pH balance crucial for protein functions  Ex. Too much acid – hemoglobin cannot bind to oxygen, too much base – pepsin in stomach becomes inactivated CHEMISTRY OF LIFE © PROTEINS: ENZYME ANIMATION PRESS TO PLAY

20. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Enzymes  Act as biological catalysts  Increase the rate of chemical reactions  All end is suffix –ase, usually named for the reactions they catalyze Figure 2.17

21. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Important Organic Compounds  Nucleic Acids  Provide blueprint of life and facilitate protein synthesis  Nucleotide bases  A = Adenine  G = Guanine  C = Cytosine  T = Thymine  U = Uracil  Make DNA and RNA

22. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Nucleic Acids  Nucleotide – subunit of all nucleic acids  Nitrogen base  Five carbon sugar  Phosphate group

23. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Nucleic Acids  Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)  Organized by complementary bases to form double helix  Replicates before cell division  Provides instruction for every protein in the body Figure 2.18c

24. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Important Organic Compounds  Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)  Chemical energy used by all cells  Energy is released by breaking high energy phosphate bond  ATP is replenished by oxidation of food fuels

25. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) Figure 2.19a

26. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings How ATP Drives Cellular Work Figure 2.20