1. Plants B 3.2 Seedless Plants

2. Seedless Plants Nonvascular plants are usually just a few cells thick and only 2 cm to 5 cm in height. Nonvascular plants are usually just a few cells thick and only 2 cm to 5 cm in height. Instead of roots, threadlike structures called rhizoids (RI zoydz) anchor them where they grow. Instead of roots, threadlike structures called rhizoids (RI zoydz) anchor them where they grow. Water is absorbed and distributed directly through their cell membranes and cell walls. Water is absorbed and distributed directly through their cell membranes and cell walls.

3. Rhizoids – white strands

4. Seedless Plants They reproduce by spores. They reproduce by spores. Mosses and liverworts are important in the ecology of many areas. Mosses and liverworts are important in the ecology of many areas. Organisms that are the first to grow in new or disturbed areas are called pioneer species. Organisms that are the first to grow in new or disturbed areas are called pioneer species.

5. Moss and Liverworts

6. Seedless Plants The largest group of seedless vascular plants is the ferns. The largest group of seedless vascular plants is the ferns. Fern leaves are called fronds. Fern leaves are called fronds. When water is scarce, the club mosses curls up and seems dead. When water is scarce, the club mosses curls up and seems dead. When water becomes available, the resurrection plant unfurls its green leaves and begins making food again. When water becomes available, the resurrection plant unfurls its green leaves and begins making food again.

9. Seedless Plants  Like the club mosses, spores from horsetails are produced in a conelike structure at the tips of some stems. Horsetails have been used to polish objects, sharpen tools, and scour cooking utensils Horsetails have been used to polish objects, sharpen tools, and scour cooking utensils Seedless vascular plants have been used to treat bee stings, burns, fevers and dandruff. Seedless vascular plants have been used to treat bee stings, burns, fevers and dandruff.

11. Seedless Plants  Rhizoids  Spores  Pioneer Species  Ferns  Club moss  Horsetails  Use of seedless vascular plants