1. Plants
Pitcher Plant (left) Venus Fly Trap (above)

2. Plant Adaptations to Land
Cuticle: Waxy covering on outside of plant leaves to prevent water loss
Stomata: Small openings in leaves that allows for gas exchange between plant and atmosphere

3. Vascular vs. Nonvascular Plants
Obtain nutrients and water through vascular tissue
This tissue transports materials much faster than osmosis and diffusion
Nonvascular Plants
Obtain nutrients and water through osmosis and diffusion

4. General Characteristics
Nonvascular Plants
General Characteristics
Nonvascular plants are plants that do not have a real xylem or phloem so each cell is responsible for absorbing its own water and nutrients on its own
Usually small, which enables most materials to move within them easily
Often found growing in damp, shady areas
Contain rhizoids instead of roots, which are branched threads that absorb water & also used to anchor the plants
Mosses (above), Hornworts, & Liverworts

5. Seedless Vascular Plants
Seedless vascular plants have leaves, stems and true roots.
These plants also have cells that contain chlorophyll, the chemical that allows photosynthesis
Vascular tissue consists of the xylem, which transports minerals and water up through the roots. The xylem cells have rigid cell walls that help support the plant.
The phloem transports organic nutrients throughout the plant
Seedless vascular plants depend heavily on the wind for spore dispersal.
Club Moss (above) strobilus
Fern (below)

6. General Characteristics
Vascular Seed Plants
General Characteristics
All contain seeds that contain one or more cotyledons
All have a variety of different adaptations for seed dispersal
Flowering plants would be considered a vascular seed plant
Plants in this group can be a few cm to over 100 m, live a few days to 1000s of years, and be extremely massive!

7. Tree Tidbits Pygmy Pine Methuselah General Sherman Conifer
Height = 8cm
Branch Diameter = 5mm
Great Basin Bristlecone Pine
Age = 4,842 years old
Giant Sequoia
Height = 275 ft
Circumference = 108 ft
Mass = 1,910 tons
Age = years