1. Ocean currents move ocean animals around. Small animals in the ocean can be pushed around by currents, and may not be able to choose where to go. Adult fish and mammals can swim strongly, and adult invertebrates cling to the bottom, but babies are at the mercy of the currents.

2. Juvenile Shortbelly Rockfish Adult China Rockfish

4. Mary Nishimoto and Libe Washburn (UCSB), June 1998 Mary was interested in rockfish, hadn’t found any Libe saw a strong counter-clockwise eddy, 30 km across Surface currents up to 0.4 m/s Eddy shows in sea surface temperature image All the fish were in the eddy Following year, eddy was weaker and moved around No high concentration of fish

5. 19981999 Summer 1998 Closed eddy, lots of fish Summer 1999 Open eddy, fewer fish Currents averaged May 1 – June 15 each year

7. Standard ecological theory (land): Animals are found in comfortable environments Marine ecological theory: Animals may be found where the currents put them. Depends on animals lifestyle.

8. Life styles in the ocean: 1.Drifting – planktonic/pelagic 2.Swimming - nektonic 3.Attached - benthic

9. Planktonic – passively drifting or weakly swimming organisms moved by ocean currents; include bacteria, phytoplankton, zooplankton Pelagic – of the open ocean, not site attached 1. DRIFTERS

10. Jellyfish, comb jellies, heteropods, pteropods, salps 0.2 cm70 cm 5 cm 1 cm 5 cm 1 cm

11. organisms that swim actively in open water, independent of water currents. 2. Swimmers

12. Benthic – ‘site’ attached, living attached to or on the ocean floor 3. ‘Attached’ organisms

14. Many marine species have ‘bipartite’ life histories 1.Planktonic dispersive early stage 2. benthic or site attached adult stage BENTHIC ADULTS REPRODUCTION SETTLEMENT PLANKTONIC LARVAE *Larva: an independent, often free-living, developmental stage that undergoes changes in form and size to mature into the adult; especially common in insects and aquatic organisms. (From a Latin word meaning "ghost" or "mask.")

15. More facts of nature: you don’t see the bipartite lifestyle often on land

18. Why is a bipartite life history interesting? For most marine species, we have NO idea where larvae go

19. Take-home points: multiple life styles most commonly, larvae are different from adults (bipartite life history) do the larvae move to new adult habitats? (open population)

20. Larval Transport on Ocean Currents: Determines where and when larval settle and become adults. Affects where and when a given species is found.

21. An example from the Oregon Coast … Wind from the North, drives upwelling Ekman transport pushes water offshore Very few barnacles settle in intertidal A few days later … Wind relaxes or blows from South Ekman transport pushes water onshore Lots of barnacles settle in intertidal

22. Cluster around Point Conception For dispersing larvae only The PISCO Project

23. Biogeographic Representation Transition Oregonian Californian

24. Onshore Monitoring – Recruitment Examples of recruitment collectors

28. Late summer recruiter, 1997-1999 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 Paradise Cove Port Hueneme Ventura Stearns Ellwood Gaviota Boathouse Avila San Simeon Average number of settlers per collector per sample interval Leptopecten latiauratus Boathouse Gaviota Elwood Average surface currents: 15 Jul 99 poleward

29. Boathouse Gaviota Elwood Tricolia sp. Average surface currents: 2 Jan 99 Tricolia sp. poleward

30. Review: Currents affect the spatial patterns of larval settlement. Leptopectin (a scallop) spawns in late summer Larvae are affected by convergent circulation at Pt C Settlement is high only inside the SB Channel Tricolia (a snail) spawns in winter Larvae are affected by poleward circulation at Pt C Settlement is high inside and outside SB Channel These patterns make sense if all the larvae are spawned in SBC

31. Larval Transport on Ocean Currents: Determines where larval settle and become adults. Affects where a given species is found. Connects different habitats. Animals born in one place may spend their adult lives in another. If you want to protect a species by creating a safe haven (no fishing), do you choose its larval or adult habitat? BIG question in design of marine reserves.

33. Review: Ocean currents affect where animals are found Rockfish study in Santa Barbara Channel: Juveniles gathered in strong eddy 1998 Weaker eddy in 1999 did not result in high concentration Did currents affect fish directly or by concentrating food? Effect of currents depends on lifestyle: Swimmers can go where they please Animals and plants attached to bottom can resist currents Drifters float on currents Many marine animals have bipartate lifestyle. Larval stage drifts, adults swim or attach to bottom.

34. Drifting of larval stages may determine where some species are found Marine organisms respond to currents as well as habitat quality (like temperature or salinity). Organisms on land respond only to habitat.

36. The organisms: Inter-tidal invertebrates: ( mussels, barnacles, crabs, …) - planktonic phase from hours to months - size: ~ 1 mm - weakly swimming or non-swimming - larvae may change vertical position in water column Fishes: (juvenile rockfishes and hake, lamp fishes, smooth tongue) - larval/juvenile stages: weeks to months - size: ~ few to several cm - swimming speeds: ~ few cm/s - daily vertical migrations: up to 100’s of m

38. Nearshore Moorings - Design Temperature Recorder Current Meter Floats Collectors (4 Types) Fluorometer

40. Take-home points: multiple life styles most commonly, larvae are different from adults (bipartite life history) do the larvae move to new adult habitats? (open population) implications for marine reserve design