1. 1 Timing with loran Judah Levine Time and Frequency Division NIST/Boulder jlevine@boulder.nist.gov (303) 497 3903

2. ILA31, October 2002 Judah Levine, NIST 2 Outline of the talk Transmission requirements for time and frequency What is traceability and why is it important? Time and frequency user requirements Loran performance Summary and conclusions

3. ILA31, October 2002 Judah Levine, NIST 3 Transmission of time Time is the primary deliverable –Applying a time stamp to an event Arrival of a seismic signal –Accuracy of time standard and measurement of absolute channel delay required

4. ILA31, October 2002 Judah Levine, NIST 4 Transmission of frequency Frequency is the primary deliverable –Synchronous communication channels, power distribution –Stability of remote standard and channel delay are required Accurate measurement of channel delay not important

5. ILA31, October 2002 Judah Levine, NIST 5 Traceability A traceable observation can be connected to national or international standards using an unbroken chain of measurements, each of which has a stated uncertainty. The adequacy of any such chain can be specified only after the requirements of the end user have been specified –A measurement technique might be adequately traceable for some applications but not for others

6. ILA31, October 2002 Judah Levine, NIST 6 Need for traceability Equity in trade Interoperability of systems at both the national and international levels Legal requirements Research that depends on precision measurements –Pulsars, general relativity, …

7. ILA31, October 2002 Judah Levine, NIST 7 “Strong” traceability Realized using a direct measurement of every link in the measurement chain –The ideal situation –Cannot always be realized in practice

8. ILA31, October 2002 Judah Levine, NIST 8 “Weaker” traceability – 1 The performance of a link in the measurement chain is estimated based on measurements of ancillary parameters and a model to relate these other measurements to the datum of interest –Limited by the accuracy and spatial resolution of the model Estimating radio path delay based on measurements of temperature, pressure, … –Spatial and temporal variation, model approximations, …

9. ILA31, October 2002 Judah Levine, NIST 9 “Weaker” traceability – 2 The performance of a link in the measurement chain is estimated based on measurements of the datum of interest on another link that is presumed to be equivalent. –Common-view method Simultaneous observations of same signal at multiple locations Assumes delay fluctuations along two paths are correlated

10. ILA31, October 2002 Judah Levine, NIST 10 “Weaker” traceability – 3 Often the only practical solution Performance may be degraded compared to more direct methods –Magnitude of the problem not easily known Better than nothing

11. ILA31, October 2002 Judah Levine, NIST 11 Legal traceability Traceability with enough additional documentation to support convincing a jury in an adversarial proceeding –Difficult (perhaps impossible) to realize with a broadcast-only system Probably requires a disinterested 3 rd party to certify hardware and authenticate documentation Essentially no experience at present

12. ILA31, October 2002 Judah Levine, NIST 12 Time and frequency links Treaty of the Meter (1875,1921) International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM) defines UTC UTC realized at National Metrology Institutes and timing laboratories Distribution system User equipment

13. ILA31, October 2002 Judah Levine, NIST 13 The problem links UTC(lab) to distribution system –Prediction of UTC(USNO) transmitted by GPS satellites –Realization of UTC(NIST) at WWVB –Copy not as good as original Distribution transmitter to end-user portal –Model path delay using physical distance and parameterized index of refraction –Common view configuration Estimate path delay using real-time measurements along another path

14. ILA31, October 2002 Judah Levine, NIST 14 Traceability of loran - 1 Steer loran transmitter to UTC(USNO) using GPS signals –Depends on GPS system Minimal additional equipment Steer loran transmitter to UTC(lab) via other method (2-way satellite, fiber, …) –Independent infrastructure with many realizations –Significantly more expensive

15. ILA31, October 2002 Judah Levine, NIST 15 Traceability of loran – 2 Steer loran transmitter using remote monitor directly linked to UTC(lab) –Independent of GPS (or other transfer link) –Independent of any one timing laboratory –Steering incorporates some correction for path delay to end user Usefulness depends on isotropy of delay –Requires secure link back to transmitter

16. ILA31, October 2002 Judah Levine, NIST 16 User’s requirements Positioning applications depend on internal synchronization of sub-systems and not on external traceability –Master/slave relationship in loran –Satellite clock/system time in GPS –External traceability is a free parameter that can be driven based on user’s applications

17. ILA31, October 2002 Judah Levine, NIST 17 Realizing traceability Time applications need rapid steering to minimize RMS time errors –Resulting frequency excursions are the price of admission Frequency applications benefit from slow steering to keep frequency smooth –Resulting time dispersion is larger and has longer persistence Ok, timing requirements are less stringent

18. ILA31, October 2002 Judah Levine, NIST 18 Frequency Power-line frequency, stratum-1 telecom –Fractional frequency accuracy 1  10 -11 Calibrate best commercial cesium –Fractional frequency stability 2  10 -14 Calibrate best commercial H maser –Fractional frequency stability 1  10 -15 Frequency transfers have implied averaging times (more later)

19. ILA31, October 2002 Judah Levine, NIST 19 Time Stratum-1 Network Time, time services, … –Time accuracy at server: 1 ms Fault detection, LAN timing, … –Time accuracy: 500 ns – 1  s International time coordination –Time accuracy: 1 ns best, 5-10 ns typical Time transfers often cannot exploit averaging

20. ILA31, October 2002 Judah Levine, NIST 20 How well does current system perform? Data from 9610 master at Boise City, OK –Monitored by NIST at Boulder, CO –Monitored by USNO at Flagstaff, AZ Data from 9960 master at Seneca, NY –Monitored at LSU (Loran Support Unit), Wildwood, NJ

21. ILA31, October 2002 Judah Levine, NIST 21

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24. ILA31, October 2002 Judah Levine, NIST 24

25. ILA31, October 2002 Judah Levine, NIST 25 60 ns RMS

26. ILA31, October 2002 Judah Levine, NIST 26

27. ILA31, October 2002 Judah Levine, NIST 27 Summary and conclusions Principal assumption: –Boise City 9610 data for 2002 are “typical” Ignore 9610 data from 2000 and 2001 –15X worse in time, 50X worse in frequency Ignore older data from Seneca –50X worse in time and frequency –Significant number of synchronization failures Comparable to best 9960 data –Assume the best is “typical”

28. ILA31, October 2002 Judah Levine, NIST 28 Time from loran Better than 1  s 100% of the time Sometimes much better than this – can reach 60 ns RMS –Significant variability with time and location –Your mileage may vary Caveat emptor … Can support almost all routine civilian timing applications Scientific, research, national labs, will need something better

29. ILA31, October 2002 Judah Levine, NIST 29 Frequency from loran One-day average –Fractional frequency accuracy of 1X10 -12 100% of the time 5X10 -13 90% of the time –Supports telecom stratum-1 (1X10 -11 ) Assumes reference clock has adequate holdover stability consistent with 1-day averaging time –Inadequate for research, technical, high end users Cannot support high-end cesium device –2X10 -14 with 1 day of averaging

30. ILA31, October 2002 Judah Levine, NIST 30 Other measurement strategies Combine data from several transmitters –Signal averaging Uncorrelated effects improve only as  n –Cost and complexity may increase as n Correlated effects unaffected –Outlier detection Useful as a glitch detector

31. ILA31, October 2002 Judah Levine, NIST 31 Thank you for data … Tom Celano, Timing Solutions Corp. Harold Chadsey, US Naval Observatory Mike Lombardi, NIST