1. EOC PRACTICE PREP 2

2. The state of matter defines the motion of molecules. Of the three basic state of matter: Solids have the lowest kinetic energy, liquids have medium kinetic energy and gases have the most kinetic energy. KINETIC THEORY OF MATTER

3. The atom is made up of three primary subatomic particles. Protons are positively charged and found in the nucleus Neutrons have no overall charge (neutral) and are found in the nucleus. Electrons are negatively charged and found in the electron cloud. BASIC ATOMIC STRUCTURE

4. Most of the elements on the periodic table are solids at room temperature. Only mercury and bromine are liquids at room temperature. Non metals like hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, fluorine, chlorine and the noble gases (group 18) are gases at room temperature. THE PERIODIC TABLE

5. PERIODIC TABLE BASICS Atomic number (protons) Average Atomic Mass (p+n avg.)

6. A falling object on Earth encounters air resistance as the object falls under gravity. How much air resistance an object has depends on its shape/form. If there were no air or atmosphere (like a vacuum), objects would all fall at about the same rate as there would be nothing to slow them down. GRAVITY AND FALLING OBJECTS

7. Ionic compounds (metal + non metal) are named by saying the name of the first element and then by changing the ending of the second element to –ide. So, the compound BaS would be named barium sulfur sulfide NAMING BINARY IONIC COMPOUNDS

8. Covalent compounds ( non metal + non metal or non metal + metalloid) named the same way as ionic compounds, except that subscripts must be turned into Greek prefixes in the name. So, NH 3 would be named nitrogen hydrogen trihydride NAMING BINARY COVALENT COMPOUNDS

9. Solutions have two major parts, the solute (dissolves) and the solvent (gets dissolved into). In a solution, the solvent is always the substance in the greatest amount. Air is a solution where nitrogen makes up 78% of the atmosphere. This would make nitrogen the solvent in air. All three major states of matter can form solutions. SOLUTIONS

10. Three common characteristics of acids are that they are sour, react with metals and make an indicator change color (red in strong acids). Acids have a pH below 7. By contrast, bases are bitter, have a slippery feel, and make an indicator change color (blue in strong bases). Bases have a pH above 7. ACIDS AND BASES

11. One way machines make it easier to do work is by exchanging reduced force over a greater distance (input) for an greater force over a reduced distance (output). A simple work exchange (f x D = F x d) Using this, a machine like a jack can lift a car with very little force input and a ramp can make it easier to load objects you can’t normally lift. MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE