1. Abalone poaching in Hangberg A (dis)functional alternative to the state fisheries sector? Kimon de Greef & Serge Raemaekers | University of Cape Town, South Africa

2. Abalone poaching in South Africa Informal activity —> illegal fishery Resource on verge of commercial extinction 20 500 tons poached 2003 – 2013 (More than 10 x legal catch) Too late for a legal fishery?

3. Hangberg in context Traditional small-scale fishing community in Cape Town, South Africa Conflict with industrial fisheries from 1920s Zoned ‘coloured’ during apartheid Dependence on declining commercial fleet Today: poverty, unemployment, lack of services

4. Positive impacts in Hangberg Money Direct access to resources Entrepreneurship Resistance

5. Hangberg abalone economy, 2012

6. Negative impacts in Hangberg Perceived breakdown of values Increased conflict Consolidation of illicit economies e.g. drug trade “In the past you lived within your means but now it’s the opposite way around. These kids have expensive lifestyles to support.”

7. Key lessons Abalone poaching fills economic void Illicit trade supports livelihoods but carries costs Need for legitimate fisheries governance frameworks & economic development All photographs by David Harrison, Mail & Guardian