1. Reports  Similar rules as in summary writing

2. LOGICAL RELATIONS words and expressions that can help to identify them (MK: p.27+) SIGNALLING DEVICES (CONNECTORS)  Illustrations (examples):  Listing  Clarifying  Cause-effect relationship  Contrast

3. CONNECTORSYMBOL Illustrations,examples: For example, for instance, as an example...,To illustrate the point,... Listing: There are three reasons why..., (First)Firstly,..,Secondl y,Thirdly,....Further, Furthermore,..., Moreover,...,Also,...

4. Requirements for a good summary  introduction:(usually one sentence or one paragraph) covers the main topic + the source e.g. The Economist of 11 October 2008 reports on the problem of...... This is further related to …  concise(as brief as possible, danger: loss of clarity)  clear (clear sentences and clear structure)  objective(only the author’s ideas, no personal views)  accurate (true and precise information on essential ideas)  complete(all key ideas, not necessarily in the same order )  coherent(runs smoothly, sentences are logically linked)  rephrased sentences (avoid copying, rewrite in your own words if possible)

5. I am writing to complain about a management motivation training course organised by your company that I attended on March 30th of this year. The main reason that I was not satisfied with the course is that the presenter was totally unprofessional. In the first place, he was fifteen minutes late and didn’t even apologise. Secondly, he was obviously unprepared and was unable to organise his graphics. On top of everything, he finished half an hour early and didn’t take any questions. I had spent a significant amount of money on this course and expected to gain some useful insight and tips on motivating my team. The only thing that I learned was how not to give a presentation. As a minimum, I expect a refund from your company to compensate me for the money and time I have wasted. If this is not forthcoming, I will take the matter up with the Professional Management Seminars Organisation. PARAGRAPHING EX.

6. I am writing to complain about a management motivation training course organised by your company that I attended on March 30th of this year. The main reason that I was not satisfied with the course is that the presenter was totally unprofessional. In the first place, he was fifteen minutes late and didn’t even apologise. Secondly, he was obviously unprepared and was unable to organise his graphics. On top of everything, he finished half an hour early and didn’t take any questions. I had spent a significant amount of money on this course and expected to gain some useful insight and tips on motivating my team. The only thing that I learned was how not to give a presentation. As a minimum, I expect a refund from your company to compensate me for the money and time I have wasted. If this is not forthcoming, I will take the matter up with the Professional Management Seminars Organisation. PARAGRAPHING EX.

7. Layout etc. and other issues  block style (no indentation)  paragraphing (one idea per paragraph, check:heading)  avoid one-sentence paragraphs  use topic sentences (first?)  avoid long sentences and long paragraphs

8. Style Based on S. Bailey (2006) and Swales, Feak (2004)

9. General features of academic/professional writing  precise  formal  impersonal (but “I” and “We” possible)  objective  clear  simple, but not simplistic

10. Not really academic...  A lot of people think that weather is getting worse. They say that this has been going on for quite a long time. I think that they are quite right. Research has shown that we now get storms etc all the time. Example taken from Bailey (2006)

11. Not really academic...  A lot of people think that weather is getting worse. They say that this has been going on for quite a long time. I think that they are quite right. Research has shown that we now get storms etc all the time. Example taken from Bailey (2006)

12. Academic style  It is widely believed that the climate is deteriorating. It is claimed that this process has been continuing for nearly 100 years. This belief appears to be supported by McKinley (1997) who shows a 55% increase in the frequency of severe winter gales since 1905.

13. Specific features of academic style  Appropriate vocabulary  Avoiding direct questions  Avoiding “etc.”, “and so on”, “but” (beginning of sentence), “you”, contracted verbal forms, …  Careful with sentence length  Use tentative language (cautious style) (see the handout)

14. Any examples of inappropriate style? 1.Lots of people think that the railways are getting worse. 2.You can’t always trust the numbers in that report. 3.What were the main causes of the American Revolution? (in an essay) 4.The second thing is that most kids in that district will become criminals. 5.A few years ago they allowed women to vote. 6.The inflation in Russia led to increased poverty, illness and so on. 7.Serious crime like murder is going up.

15. Inappropriate style in academic writing 1.Lots of people think that the railways are getting worse. 2.You can’t always trust the numbers in that report. 3.What were the main causes of the American Revolution? 4.The second thing is that most kids in that district will become criminals. 5.A few years ago they allowed women to vote. 6. The inflation in Russia led to increased poverty, illness and so on. 7.Serious crime like murder is going up.

16. Cautious style (tentative language)  May/might/can  Tend to  Often/usually (unless always)  Fairly/quite/rather  Tent.verbs: think, consider, suggest, believe, claim, …

17. Rewrite the following in a more cautious style. Use may/might/can, tend to, often/usually, fairly/quite/rather, tent.verbs: think, consider, suggest, believe, claim, …  Private companies are more efficient than state-owned businesses.  His second book had a hostile reception.  Global warming will cause the sea level to rise.  Science students work harder than those studying humanities.  Her contribution at the conference was insignificant.  He is the best qualified researcher in his field.  Smith (2004) says that this method is the most reliable for such measurements.